The Crucible Critical Lens

Dolly Parton once said †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The way I see it, if you want the rainbow, you gotta put up with the rain. † In other words you have to go through struggle to see success. I agree with this quote because in my opinion nothing in life is handed to you easily, you have to work through it and overcome many obstacles in order to get pleasing results . This idea is clearly established in the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller. It is shown through the main characters; John Proctor, Abigail Williams and Reverend Hale.The Crucible by Arthur Miller was based on the Salem witch trials that occurred between 1692 and 1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft and 20 were executed. Eventually the colony admitted the trials were a mistake and compensated the families of those who were convicted. Ever since, the story of the trials has become a symbol of injustice and continues to influence more than 300 years later. In the play John Proctor is a married man who pre viously had an affair with Abigail Williams while she was working at his house as a maid.Eventually John’s wife, Elizabeth Proctor, becomes conscious of what was happening and she immediately dismissed Abigail. When the girls started accusing people of witchcraft, Abigail Williams accused Elizabeth Proctor because she wanted John to herself. Little did she know that John would begin defending his wife. He also pointed out his disbelief in the girls, fingers where then pointed at him as well. John Proctor then started challenging the court because of its lack of evidence this led to a petition signed by 32 neighbors in his favor.He was tried and found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. Proctor was executed on mid-august of 1692. As he stood on the scaffold he recited the Lord ’s Prayer. This shows how John’s actions support the quote because although It didn’t end happily he tried proving he was right and succeed because him praying made a drastic i mpression on the villagers as those convicted of witchcraft were not supposed to be able to perform such act. In The Crucible Abigail Williams is Samuel Parris, the minister’s niece.Her and her cousin Betty where the first two accusers. Williams was 11 years old at the time. Everything started when all the girls were at the woods and Abigail was trying to put a spell on Elizabeth Proctor, since her health was already delicate. Her purpose was to keep John Proctor to herself. She had become obsessed with him after their affair and couldn’t seem to get over him. While doing witchcraft in the woods they get caught. After that they started faking being bewitched. They all start accusing people saying they’ve seen them with the devil.Because of Abigail and Betty’s claims to be possessed, false accusations would soon be made resulting in the death of 20 people and 3 women were arrested, including Tituba, Parris’s slave and two other women who one was han ged and the other died in prison. This demonstrates how Abigail’s cruelty knew no boundaries. She didn’t mind innocent people being killed just to hide the fact that she was the one attempting witchcraft in the woods. Abigail went through all that to keep her reputation and be seen as the victim, and she excelled.Reverend Hale is a young minister who has studied witchcraft in the hope of being able to destroy it in the name of God. Salem’s minister, Samuel Parris, had requested his presence so that he could examine Betty Parris. Reverend Hale is the one in charge of discovering who has marks of the devil for the witch trial. After seeing the horrors of the witch trial and watching the loss of both human and the justice rights he speaks out against them telling Judge Danforth that they are morally wrong. Reverend Hale then leaves the court after hearing Mary Warren accuse John Proctor of witchcraft.

Chemical Policy Regulation Essay

The European Commission’s Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) is a new system wherein manufacturers, distributors, and importers are required to sign-in their chemical inventories into a centralized database, along with information on physical and chemical properties, safe handling, hazards, and uses. Substances with carcinogenic, toxic, or mutagenic activity will require permission before being used, and any chemical whose risks are too unmanageable will be banned for use. REACH will thus be an aid in the management of information on chemicals, since it will demand that unknown data on chemicals currently in use be determined for registration purposes, and that new chemicals to be used by industry will now have a standardized procedure for the acquisition and distribution of information and control on their use. In detail, REACH will operate in the manner described in the following sentences. First, parties dealing in chemical products will be required to send a dossier of information on chemicals that they handle that are produced in excess of 1 metric tonne annually. Basic information will be required of chemicals dispensed in the range of 1-10 metric tonnes, while more will be asked of chemicals distributed in larger quantities. As an example of additional data that will be required, substances produced in excess of 10 tonnes annually should have an associated chemical safety report in which the hazard and risk assessment of the substance for specified uses must be outlined and how the risks posed by the chemical can be ‘adequately controlled’ for these uses. One component of the assessment is an â€Å"exposure scenario†, a summary of the use(s) and appropriate risk management measures for the substance studied. All the safety data then submitted for â€Å"substances of very high concern† and chemicals used in bulk will be evaluated by a panel of experts, and any chemical whose use cannot be justified in terms of its risk of use being under control or its socio-economic value outweighing risks considered will be subjected to a phase-out and replacement with safer alternatives, if there are any. REACH in effect is an implementation of the venerable â€Å"precautionary principle†, one statement of which being that the burden of proof of a chemical’s ability to deal severe or irreversible harm should be foisted upon the advocates of the chemical’s use, in the absence of evidence that the chemical is safe for use. To illustrate the importance of the â€Å"precautionary principle†, one only needs to look at dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and the organochlorine pesticides that followed. At the time of their introduction, they were widely accepted and hailed as being much safer than the inorganic pesticides such as the arsenicals that were then the mainstays of pest control. It was only after many years of use that their deleterious effects towards human health and the environment became noticeable. In short, the tenet â€Å"innocent until proven guilty† is not to be applied to chemicals that may require years of use before exerting ill effects, and by then the damage done may already be too difficult or impossible to undo. REACH aims to address issues such as safety, the phasing out of â€Å"substances of concern†, and the encouragement of innovation in industry. In detail, REACH can address health issues because, by its very nature, it will prevent the unnecessary use and needless release into the environment of substances whose risk of use cannot be justified as against the benefits that can be accrued. In this respect, if it can be shown that a substance under scrutiny has no justifiable reason for its continuous use because of the availability of environmentally benign alternatives, its phase out will be implemented as soon as possible. Finally, industry will be spurred, in theory, to research possible replacements for the hazardous chemicals that they currently use due to the pressure exerted by REACH to limit or stop the use of   hazardous chemicals, paving the way for innovations. To facilitate the implementation of REACH, the European Chemicals Agency will be established in Helsinki, Finland. The Agency will serve to coordinate the majority of the work related to chemical regulation and evaluation. Members of the European Union still wield responsibility, however. A large portion of the data gathered through REACH will be publicly accessible. The legislation aims to protect human health and the environment, but the risk of negatively impacting the European economy has been brought up by concerned parties. Efforts to strike a happy medium have been going on for several years. One side has talked about increases in the incidence of cancer and disorders related to the malfunction of the endocrines, while the other side has focused on burgeoning red tape, rises in costs and loss of jobs as businesses move away from Europe. Groups with vested interests in the chemical industry have been accused of lobbying to water down REACH for their benefit. As such, there are groups that say that REACH has loopholes that can enable unscrupulous industries to persist in using â€Å"substances of very high concern† for their convenience. While industry has sought to have REACH’s requirements loosened, European trade unions and environmentalists have joined forces in arguing for strong legislation. It is said that one in three work-related illnesses in the 15 older EU member states is due to chemical exposure. REACH also enjoys the backing of consumer groups and medical associations. A limitation of REACH is that it only applies to chemicals manufactured in or imported into the EU, and therefore is not applicable to chemicals that are incorporated into finished products. So a product like a television, or computer or shampoo made outside the EU could contain chemicals that are not registered under REACH – providing they are not banned under specific safety regulations (such as lead). Polymers (plastics, rubbers, and ilk) are excluded from the auspices of REACH for the time being, but monomers, or the chemicals used to make them, will still be covered by REACH. Pesticides, biocides and   human and veterinary pharmaceuticals are also exempt from REACH, the rationalization being that they are regulated under a different legislation from industrial chemicals. Industrial byproducts and waste are also not covered by REACH, but substances produced from waste or substances used in the processing of waste are covered by REACH. REACH defines what it calls â€Å"substances of very high concern† as substances that belong in any of these categories: substances that are cancer-causing (carcinogenic), mutation-inducing (mutagenic) or interfere with the body’s reproductive function (CMRs); substances that take a long time to break down (persistent), accumulate in the body (bioaccumulative) and are toxic (PBTs); substances that are very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvBs); and substances that have serious and irreversible effects on humans and the environment, for instance endocrine disrupting substances. Any new results in light of the effects of a chemical under scrutiny on the environment or human health can influence its retention or phasing out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As an example of the chemicals that can fall under these previously mentioned classes, the previously mentioned organochlorine pesticides will fall under the PBT category; Alar, a plant growth regulator that was pulled out from the market due to concerns about the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of one of its breakdown products will fall under CMR, and the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which, although nontoxic, tend to persist in the atmosphere to cause damage to the ozone layer will belong to the vPvB category. Note that a chemical only has to satisfy one of the set criteria of a certain category to belong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hazard triggers are an approach where â€Å"substances of high concern† are classified according to the hazards they present when tested in various models. Hazard triggers can be used as an adjunct or substitute for risk assessment since it is usually faster and cheaper to use such. However, extrapolating results of lab tests to what can happen when a chemical is used outside the lab is not always accurate. It has happened in previous times that there were chemicals that exhibited no injurious effects in lab tests and were subsequently shown to be unsafe when used in the field. Conversely, there have also been cases where a chemical that was initially shown to cause serious health problems in animal models was barred from further use even if subsequent tests demonstrated that its use poses no risk to human health. As such, the evaluation of a chemical’s safety based on hazard triggers should proceed on a case-to-case basis, and should be thoroughly scrutinized. Example hazard triggers include persistence (measured in terms of half life in soil or aquatic medium), long-range transport (quantified by the DT50), and ecotoxicity (of which the LC50 is the quantifying parameter). – aims of REACH – controversial issues associated with the legislation – substances of `high concern` – hazard triggers and risk assessment – the implications of REACH for Environmental protection References BBC News (2005) Q&A: REACH Chemicals Legislation [online] accessed at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4437304.stm Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2004) Government Response to the Royal Commission on Environmental pollution Report on Chemicals in Products, Cm6300, HMSO [online] accessed at http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/chemicals/ukpolicy.htm European Commission (2006) REACH in Brief, based on common position of the Council [online] accessed at http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/reach/index_en.htm The Lowell Center for Sustainable Production (nd) REACH – The New EU Chemicals Strategy: A New Approach to Chemicals Management [online] accessed at http://www.chemicalspolicy.org/reach.shtml REACH Compliance (2007) http://www.reach-compliance.eu/english/index.html

Annie Oakley

The great Sioux warrior Chief Sitting Bull was so impressed by Oakleys skill that he adopted her, giving her the name Watanya CeciliaLittle Sure Shot. Though her life inspired dime novels, a Broadway play, and Hollywood movies, little is known about the real Annie Oakley, an intensely private, complicated woman who excelled publicly in a mans sport. (Foundation) Near the end of her life, Will Rogers paid her a visit and then wrote about her in his daily newspaper column: She was the reigning sensation of America and Europe during the heyday of Buffalo Bills Wild West show. She was their star. Her picture was on more billboards than a modern Gloria Swanson. It was Annie Oakley, the greatest rifle shot the world has ever produced. Nobody took her place. There was only one. (Edwards) Annie Oakley, an American Experience documentary film which aired May 8, 2011 on PBS, separates life from legend. Filmmaker Riva Freifeld says she was initially attracted to the project because I thought this was the most extraordinary story of somebody breaking out of a mold. A woman of the Victorian age, small, petite, who had a horrible, miserable childhood. She pulled herself out of all that through her own talent and worked through the pressures against women and made herself into the most famous practitioner of a sport that is quintessentially male: sharpshooting. (Vonada) Virginia Scharff, professor of history and director of the Center for the Southwest at the University of New Mexico, agrees. She is the epitome of the self-made woman. This is somebody who triumphs over about as miserable a childhood as you can imagine. You would never know that by looking at her public persona. She seemed like the all-American girl who must have grown up amid motherhood and apple pie, but the truth of the matter was that she grew up in the most abject kind of poverty. (Vonada) She was, hands down, the finest woman sharpshooting entertainer of all time. Oakley was always drawn to guns. Her father may have taught her to shoot when she was very young, and Oakley herself said that when she was barely big enough to lift her fathers old Kentucky rifle, she dragged it outside, rested the barrel on the porch railing, and shot a squirrel clean through the head. When Oakley returned home, instead of going to school, she earned good money by shooting game and selling it to the Katzenberger brothers grocery store, which shipped the game to hotels in Cincinnati. She was so successful that she was soon able to pay off the mortgage on her mothers house. She once remarked that from the age of ten, she never had money in her pockets that she had not earned herself. (Kim-Brown) In addition to game hunting, Oakley entered local shooting contests that were popular at the time, winning so many turkey shoots that she was eventually barred from them. But such was her reputation that when professional sharpshooter Frank Butler was passing through southern Ohio claiming he could outshoot anyone around, the locals accepted his challenge. They failed to tell Butler that his opponent was a teenage girl. I got there late and found the whole town, in fact, most of the county out ready to bet me or any of my friends to a standstill on their unknown,' Butler later said. I did not bet a cent. You may bet, however, that I almost dropped dead when a little, slim girl in short dresses stepped out to the mark with me. Butler lost, and gave Oakley tickets to his next show. ( Kim-Brown) According to Kim and Brown, a romance sprang up between the two and they were soon married. But it was six years before the shooting team of Butler and Oakley appeared. In the meantime, Butler traveled the variety circuit with his partner John Graham until one night when Graham became ill. Initially, Oakley acted as Butlers assistant, holding targets. But Butler was having an off night and he could not seem to hit his targets. Amid the booing, someone shouted, Let the girl shoot! Oakley calmly took the gun and hit every mark. Kim-Brown) Oakley was a natural performer. Modest, yet playful, she skipped onto the stage like a schoolgirl. She shot an apple from Butlers head, pierced the heart in the ace of hearts or, if the card was held sideways, sliced through it; she shot corks from bottles and blew out the flames from candles. She shot backward looking through a small mirror. She could shoot just as well with her left hand as with her right. Sometimes she pretended to miss and pouted, stamping her foot. At the end of her act, she blew kisses to the crowd and did a funny little kick as she disappeared behind the curtain. The audience loved her. (Kim-Brown) Frank Butler didnt mind fading into the background. Because he was so open-minded about women, says Freifeld, he basically created a situation where you had a role reversal of a typical Victorian marriage. I think Frank Butler understood that she had a kind of star quality that he didnt want to overshadow, says Scharff, and Frank Butler didnt have a problem with that. I think he adored her. I think he also was a savvy businessman who understood that she was pretty, she was ladylike, she was petite. She would do what needed to be done to make that rise to the top. And he didnt want to get in her way. As a matter of fact, he understood that for the two of them, the best thing possible was to let her take the lead. (Vonada) Annie, born Phoebe Ann Moses in Ohios Darke County on August 13, 1860, got her gun at an early age but didnt shoot her way to everlasting fame until after William Buffalo Bill Cody put her on the payroll in 1885. In the process, the little woman (5 feet tall, about 110 pounds) gave Codys Wild West a shot in the arm. As a star with the stature, ability and uniqueness of Buffalo Bill himself Annie Oakley had a platform to promote her egalitarian views about women. She believed that women needed to learn to be proficient with firearms to defend themselves and that they could even help fight for their country. During World War I, she offered to recruit and train a regiment of women sharpshooters. If nothing else, Annie Oakley helped expand the career options of American women. (Oakley, Annie. (2011). Britannica Biographies, 1. ) Annie Oakley rose to stardom from humble roots. In the mid- 1860s her father, Jacob, died, and her mother, Susan, had a devil of a time trying to make ends meet with seven children age 15 or younger on her hands. Annie Oakley tried to help by hunting and trapping in the Darke County woods. By age 10, Annie Oakley had been sent off to live at the county poor farm, known as the Infirmary, and during her early teens she alternated between living there and with her mother and stepfather. Her life took a turn for the better when she met Irishman Frank (Jimmie) Buffer of the Buffer and Baughman shooting act. Oakley, Annie. (2011). Britannica Biographies, 1. ) According to legend, Buffer was trying to drum up business in 1875 by accepting challenges from local marksmen, and on Thanksgiving Day in Greenville, Ohio, he took on young Annie Moses in a shooting match. I almost dropped dead when a slim girl in a short dress stepped out to the mark with me, Frank Buffer later said. I was a beaten man the moment she appeared. Frank lost, 23 to 21. Later, whenever he said that he had purposely thrown the match, Annie would just flutter her eyes and smile. In any case, Frank was impressed enough by Annie to invite her to see his act in Cincinnati. She accepted. As part of his act, Buffer and his big white French poodle, George, performed a William Tell bit. As usual, Frank shot the apple off Georges head and George retrieved the fruit, but the dog then brought it to Annie instead of to the shooter. A courtship ensuedbetween Annie and Frank, that isand the couple was married within the year or so the legend has it. (Oakley, Annie. 2011. Britannica Biographies, 1. ) Annie joined Franks stage act, according to her own account, only after Franks shooting partner, John Graham, became ill in May 1882. She filled in admirably and became an instant hit. She chose Oakley as her stage name for some unknown reason and began to tour with Frank. To the experienced showmans credit, he immediately realized that his wife was a star. He put his own career on a backburner so that he could manage her career, saying, She outclassed me. (Edwards) In those early days of her stage career, Annie Oakley played with Frank Buffer at small theaters, skating rinks and circuses. While working for the Sells Brothers Circus in New Orleans in 1884, they met Buffalo Bill Cody, but he didnt hire her until after she and her manager-husband had come to Louisville, Ky. , early in 1885 for a three-day tryout. After an agreement was struck, Buffalo Bill brought her to the mess tent to introduce her to the members of his Wild West, which had been inaugurated in 1883. This little missie here is Miss Annie Oakley, Buffalo Bill said. She is to be the only white woman with our exhibition. And I want you boys to welcome and protect her. They didnt need toLil Missie, as Cody usually called her, had pretty much fended for herself from childhood. (Edwards) Annie Oakley and Frank Butler toured with the Wild West for some 16 seasons, and the only contract they had with Cody was verbal. Annie said that Cody, whom she called the Colonel, was the kindest-hearted, most loyal man she had ever met, and also the softest touch. She noted that Cody kept a big pitcher of lemonade by his t ent so that he could serve refreshments to visiting youngsters. The Oakley act was spectacular. Cody generally used Lil Missie early in his entertainment extravaganza so that she could warm the audience up to the sound of gunfire. Dexter Fellows, a sometimes press agent for the Wild West, wrote in his autobiographical book This Way to the Big Show that Annie was a consummate actress, with a personality that made itself felt as soon as she entered the arena. During her entrance, Annie waved and blew kisses to the audience. She was an ambidextrous shot who fired rapidly and with unerring accuracy. On the rare occasions when she missed a shot, she immediately fired again. On occasion, she intentionally missed and then pretended to become petulant, stamping her feet in frustration and sometimes throwing her hat down and walking around it to change her luck. Then when she did hit the mark, the audience would roar louder than ever. (Edwards) Frank Butler also got into the act, releasing clay pigeons for his wife. She would jump over her gun table and shoot the clay bird before it hit the ground. Often she shot cigarettes out of her husbands mouth, and once she even shot a cigarette out of Kaiser Wilhelm IIs mouth. Charlatan shooters preferred to shoot ashes from cigars (with the help of a wire embedded in the cigar and twisted by the assistants tongue at the proper moment), so Annie insisted on shooting only whole cigarettes. Her act often included hitting targets while riding a bicycle with no hands. Although she could ride a horse in fine style, she left the shooting of glass balls from horseback to Buffalo Bill. Annie concluded her act with a funny jig and would kick up her heels just before she left the arena. Once when a newspaper in England wondered how fast and accurate she was, she gave a special demonstration. Frank stood on a chair facing his wifes back. At Annies command, he dropped a tin plate. Annie turned, fired and hit it square, all within about half a second. (Vonada) Annie Oakley had a theatrical flair and the quickness and agility of an athlete. But none of it would have meant too much had she not been such a top hand with all kinds of firearms. She practiced constantly and did not rely on trickery; she was no sham shooting star. Among her favorite shotguns were a Lancaster and a Francotte, her favorite rifles included a Winchester and a Marlin, and she used Colts and Smith amp; Wesson handguns equally well. Guns, rifles and pistols are of many styles, she once said, and to declare that any one make is superior to all others would show a very narrow mind and limited knowledge of firearms. Nobody should trust their lives behind a cheap gun. (Sorg) The famous Sioux (Lakota) spiritual leader and medicine man Sitting Bull toured with the Wild West during the 1885 season. Annie had a ctually met him the previous year in a St. Paul, Minn. , theater, when Sitting Bull, then a resident of the Standing Rock Reservation in Dakota Territory, watched her fire a rifle to snuff out a burning candle. Apparently, Sitting Bull was so impressed that afterward he asked to see the little white woman. Annie then gave Sitting Bull a picture of herself, while he gave her moccasins he had worn at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, as well as the nickname Watanya Cicilla (Little Sure Shot). They were happily reunited the next year as employees of Codys Wild West. Whenever Sitting Bull got peevish that season, Cody would send for Little Sure Shot, who would talk to the Lakota leader for a while and then do her jig before leaving his quarters. That inevitably would make Sitting Bull laugh and would lift his spirits. But her presence was not enough to make him want to continue with the show another season. (Sorg) In the spring of 1886, while the Wild West performed in Washington, D. C. , en route to an extended summer stay at Erastina, on Staten Island, an insect lodged itself deep inside Annie Oakleys ear. By June, she had an ear infection, but, against doctors orders, she still rode in the 17-mile opening-day parade in New York City. Near the end of it, she collapsed, and doctors determined that the area behind her eardrum needed to be lanced to drain its poison. The bedridden Lil Missie missed four performances at Erastina (probably the only four she missed during her show career) before she hobbled into the arena on the fifth day to shoot again. She had plenty of grit for sure, but part of Annie Oakleys motivation for getting back in action was the fact that Cody had hired a younger female shooter, Lillian Smith, for the 1886 season. At the time, Annie may have been concerned about her job security. But there was room for both of them, and the Wild West continued to be a big hit when it moved into Madison Square Garden that winter. (Oakley, Annie. (2011). Britannica Biographies, 1. ) On May 11, it was Queen Victorias turn to have a command performance. It was held at the exhibition grounds after her courtiers convinced her that they couldnt fit Codys outfit into Windsor Castle. When the American flag entered the arena, Queen Victoria stood up and bowed deeply, and Codys company roared its approval. For the first time in history, an English monarch had saluted the Star-Spangled Banner. After Lillian Smith and Annie Oakley had curtsied and walked up to her, the queen told Annie, You are a very clever little girl. Lil Missie had become an international star. At least one newspaper said that her marksmanship was better than that of Buffalo Bill. (Edwards) One notable wreck occurred at 3 a. m. on October 29, 1901, near Lindwood, N. C. , while the company was headed to Danville, Va. , for its last performance of the season. When the first section passed the switching station, the switcher thought that it was the whole outfit, so he threw the switch. The second section ran into an oncoming train. The wooden cars became so many piles of kindling as people and animals cried out in pain and steam hissed. Legend says that Annie Oakley, now 41, was found pinned beneath the rubble and it took several hours before she could be extracted. As Lil Missie was carried by stretcher past some wounded horses that had to be shot, she supposedly remarked that she felt sorry for them. Just 17 hours after the wreck, according to legend, her brown hair turned totally white because of the horror of the accident. (Edwards) After her retirement from the Wild West, Annie Oakley tried her hand at acting again, appearing as the lead in a play called The Western Girl, which opened in New Jersey in November 1902. She looked much as she had while shooting in the Wild West, except now she wore a brown wig to hide her white hair. She also would teach shooting at exclusive clubs. Meanwhile, her husband worked for the Union Metallic Cartridge Company, promoting its products to the growing number of trap shooters. In the spring of 1910, Frank and Annie attended a Wild West show at Madison Square Garden known as the Two Bills Show, because Buffalo Bills outfit had merged with Pawnee Bills outfit. Cody apparently asked Annie to rejoin the show, but she and Frank turned the old showman down. Instead, the following year, they joined up with Vernon C. Seavers Young Buffalo Wild West, and Little Sure Shot continued to shoot for that outfit until retiring for good in 1913. Annie and Frank continued to be friends with Cody, though, and when Buffalo Bill died on January 10, 1917, she wrote a glowing eulogy. (Edwards) After giving her last performance with Young Buffalo Wild West on October 4, 1913, Annie and Frank retired to a new home in Cambridge, Md. , and also spent a lot of their time at resorts in Pinehurst, N. C. , and Leesburg, Fla. Hunting and shooting remained a big part of their lives. They had no children. In the summer of 1922, when she was about to turn 62, Annie Oakley performed at a benefit show on Long Island (a clip of her performance that day can be seen at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center). The New York Herald hinted that she might be making a comeback in show biz and could appear in the movies soon. It never happened. That November, she fractured her hip and an ankle in a car accident in Florida. The steel leg brace she was forced to wear did not, however, keep her from resuming her shooting and hunting. (Oakley, Annie. (2011). Britannica Biographies, 1. ) The injury and time took their toll; four years later Annie went home to Ohio to die. She stayed for a while in Dayton, where humorist Will Rogers came to visit and found his old friend sitting up in bed. The next week, the Oklahoma cowboy reminisced about her in his newspaper column, asking people to write to the invalid who had once been the reigning sensation of America and Europe. (Edwards) By then, Annie surely must have felt obsolete. In 1894, she featured in one of the first Western movies, acting out her routines for Thomas A. Edisons kinetograph. Now screen stars like Lillian Gish and Gloria Swanson were all the rage, and no one wanted a star-spangled Western girl. Annie had her shooting medals melted down, sold the gold and donated the money to charity. (Edwards) She died in Greenville on November 3, 1926 (of pern icious anemia, according to newspaper reports).

Consumer website Analysis and Evaluation Project Essay

Consumer website Analysis and Evaluation Project - Essay Example The distinctive position created by the website is that of belonging. The website is an Inferno fans page. It is meant to provide Little Inferno Entertainment Fireplace fans with a place to share their experiences and develop more fun. It gives an image of trust, fun, belongingness, identity, and unique community. The name of the website suggests its relationship to the product, but does not sell the idea to those consumers who know nothing about the product. The website is an appreciation society which shows the level of trust the company assumes to have with its consumers, and belongingness it gives its consumers in relation to the product. There is also the link of Little Inferno Entertainment Fireplace fans page to Goofans page indicating some identity, and uniqueness, that is, in ‘Tomorrow Corporation’, there is a corporate portfolio; a common practice of developing an appreciation society for their consumers (Inferno Fans Page). The brand image has also been establ ished using the name of the product, the use of a celebrity’s name, and its target market. The name of the product, ‘Little Inferno Entertainment Fireplace’, has been used to create the fan page, that is, ‘Inferno fans’. ... Little inferno is an indie game and has several competitors including other forms of video games. Examples include; auditorium duet, journey, Alpha trailer, Kentucky Route Zero, Cart Life, Faster Than Light, Zineth, and Hotline Miami (UBM Tech). Little inferno is however, different from other video games based on its principle, and what it is meant to achieve. The developers thought that the pattern of recognition found in most indie games was terrible, and thought of a different idea, where a genuinely great game and a terrifying plot would be underneath the interactive screensavers. It is from this that the virtual fire place was developed. The game was intended to give consumers some heart-warming experience. It is also different because of its simplicity. Other game mechanics are complex and considered terrible (Tach). Leake, Vaccarello and Ginty, note that the most important functions of a brand are to increase information efficiency, create value added benefits, and reduce risk s (18). The brand image created by the website communicates only to the fans of the product, but not to any new consumer who may be interested. There are symbols of fun showing its intent, but there are no welcome images communicated to other people who may wish to join the community or experience what the game offers. Content How the company updates its marketing mix: There is no evidence of any updates on marketing mix, but features show a customizable update system. The website is designed with a ‘News’ section which is used to inform the products consumers of new programs, new applications, new developments, and any changes related to the product. The forum

Major Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 2

Major Project - Essay Example Republicans, democrats and independents feeling pressures of holding on to their current bargaining power position started a movement, in which Wisconsin is the epicenter. It began with economic issues. The person who started the revolution is Gov. Scott Walker. Walker proposed that state workers contribute more to their pension and health-care benefits. Teachers started calling in sick. Schools closed. Demonstrators massed at the capitol. Democratic senators fled the state to paralyze the Legislature. Wisconsin public sector developed the main argument as it capitulated and claimed they were only protesting one part of the bill, the part about collective-bargaining rights. The Democratic Party is pouring money and anger into the fight, recognizing the threat of union power. Public Employee Unions Preliminary It is necessary to know the relevant underlying roles of collective bargaining power in a civil society. Freedom of association the right to bargain collectively, places the Uni ted States out of the norm with established international human-rights principles. Historically, collective bargaining served to increase consumer purchasing power, assures a voice in the workplace, and provides checks and balances in society. Collective bargaining in the public sector that endorses models incorporates alternative dispute-resolution mechanisms is a means to protect the public interest. Collective bargaining for unions will consider the core institution in society. The function of collective bargaining does not necessary need updated to match wording for the 21st century. Presently, the public-policy debate about public-sector unionism and collective bargaining in the United States has triggered a debate in the United States. At the center of the debate is the question suggesting that public employee unions have contributed to this crisis through the pay and benefits he/she have negotiated for public employees. Connected to this is the employer through a role of the government as a taxing authority as well as a player in providing public services. These claims will continue to be in conflict with one another. When private sector and public sector try to compare in benefits in the past the government has not shown the diligence which proves, that the public sector pays more attention to such matters. Objectives of this paper is the identify innovations that can improve public sector collective bargaining power and how that may affect parts of the public sector. Many of these problems are equally prevalent in states with and without collective bargaining and for unionized and non-unionized employees. History Collective bargaining, the most recent plan, developed during the 1930s, addressed the imbalance of power between employers and employees. Passed in 1935, this act called the "Wagner Act," which created a system of collective bargaining that leveled the playing field and provided a structure that reduced labor strife and unrest. This law gave most workers in the private sector the right to form unions, bargain, and strike. Collective bargaining is a type of negotiation that uses employees to work with employers. Worker representative's approach the employer and attempt to negotiate a contract that both sides can potential agree. Issues covered are hours of

The Knowledge gained from experience and education Research Paper

The Knowledge gained from experience and education - Research Paper Example A dissertation shows that an individual can work alone and helps in the individual’s career development while assessing the skills and competencies (White, 2003, p.3). All through my course work, I have learnt allot in the Human resources management; the role of human resources in competitive success, strategic human resource management and human resource planning, foundations of recruitment and selection and psychological perspectives of Human Resources Management, the foundations of performance management, managing compensation and rewards and the contemporary issues affecting human resources management. All these have enabled me have a greater understanding of Human resource management as a course. Each of these chapters and units have been accompanied and presented with a case study to better understand the concepts. Since the main function and goal of the Human resources management of any company is to supervise the employees, I will be able to help the company attain its goals by maximizing on the employees capability and at the same time motivating them. This friendly environment will make the company soar into greater heights. The Human Resources department of any company brings all the employees together to be able to act as a team to achieve the desired goals. I have learnt that for a company to boost the employee loyalty, their basic employment needs and requirements need to be met in time. Such basic needs include timely release of the pay checks, provision of health benefits and salary increase. I have also learnt that the Human resources department is concerned with the adherence to the corporate social responsibility (CRS) policies by showing the staff that they are highly appreciated and recognized. I will be able to conduct my research through intensive research methodology which will enable me acquire

Involving Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Involving Parents - Essay Example After successfully contacting and personally interviewing a citizen academy official, I was able to obtain substantial information on the measures and plans that they put in place to ensure an effective partnership and participation of culturally and linguistically parents in their organization. The first question I posed to the official was on the approximate number of CLD parents who participate in the organization. Unfortunately, the official did not have an exact figure of the number of CLD parent in participation in citizens Academy. However, according to the views received from the official, it was evident that only a few CLD parents are involved despite the organization’s effort for equal representation of all CLD parents in the Academy despite regardless of cultural and linguistic diversity. The last meeting that was held, the official revealed to me that only five families precipitated. Regarding the groups from which the parents come from, it was evident that a number of diversified groups are represented in the organization. The groups of parents, as retrieved from the interview, are from the Louisa county public health, the university of Lowa, Columbus junction lion’s club, family credit union, Columbus junction police department, and the united Presbyterian church. CLD parent in Citizen Academy participate in a various ways to ensure that all issues and questions they raise are appropriately answered. The major participation of the parents is through the attendance of frequent held meetings held by the organization. The organization also holds field trips to various destinations, which provide a medium for the parents to participate actively. The concerns from the CLD parents are mainly because of the diversity in cultural and linguistic backgrounds. The unique characteristic raising a major concern is that the parents are refugees from underdeveloped countries, who are new to the region; hence are

Change & Continuity in Contemporary Business Assignment

Change & Continuity in Contemporary Business - Assignment Example The aspect of competition has been heightened by the advent of globalisation. In the globalised world, organizations are breaching political and geographical boundaries to expand their business operations into diverse markets with growth potential. Nations are also adopting the liberalisation route to enhance FDI inflows by relaxing entry norms, abolishing licensing regimes etc. The economic growth of developing nations has enhanced the disposable income of the citizens which is perhaps the reason due to which the firms are moving beyond the traditional markets of USA and Europe. The present study would focus upon the aspect of globalisation in affecting the business strategy of organizations. The organization selected for the study is Vodafone Plc based in London, UK. The telecom industry is expected to show a growing trend in the coming years as new products and innovations are being developed. Much of this growth is in the value added services provided by the participants of the t elecom industry. Widespread usage of internet coupled with other high end technologies like mobile internet, 3G services, smart phones are enhancing the demand for the products of the telecom industry participants. Mobile based search options are increasingly becoming popular with the target market audience over traditional search options. The growth of consumer markets like China and India also offers numerous prospects to the participants of the global telecom industry (Delloite, p.1-5). The following sections would cover an empirical analysis of the strategies undertaken by the telecom giant Vodafone with regards to the market opportunities initiated by the aspect of globalisation. About the Company History was created on first January 1985 when the first cell phone call was made by Vodafone Plc. Since then the company has made great strides to emerge as the largest telecom company not only in UK but in the whole world (Vodafone, â€Å"The Story So Far†). The company is ba sed in London, UK and has operations across numerous nations all over the world. The company has a wide range of product offering that ranges from suiting the needs of the individual customers as well as large corporate clients. The organization has a highly customer centric approach with every strategy being formulated in a manner that has customer need at the centre of every approach of the organization (Vodafone-a, â€Å"Customers†). The organization also has a policy dedicated to fulfilling the social needs of the society. The future sections would contain an analysis of the internal and external environment of the organization to understand the strengths and weakness of the organization particularly in the UK market. Internal Environment Analysis SWOT SWOT is a tool that is largely used to analyse the internal environment of a firm. This tool helps an organization to identify areas of its strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. The firm can thus use its strengths to maximise its opportunities and minimise the threats and weakness. Strengths The main strength of Vodafone lies in its strong brand image which is being valued at billions in the

Biometrics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biometrics - Assignment Example However the success of the method is still skeptical where network authentication is considered. Advantages There has been varied and large number of arguments in favor of adopting the biometric authentication for network access. Among them the most accepted argument is the uniqueness of biometric characteristics. This uniqueness of the biometric characteristic helps to make it an ideal candidate authenticating technology. There is no better way to authenticate an individual’s identity than verifying his inherent and unique attributes; at first his fingerprints. The use of fingerprints as system of identification can be traced back to the 1850s; evidence to this belief is the establishment of Scotland Yards Central Fingerprinting Bureau in 1901. Another view that supports the biometrics is that the principle of network security is least disputed. In this system, the individual cannot forget the password or transfer the password to somebody as it is a unique physical attribute. This may be the most driven argument that supports the biometric authentication technique. Again, the next argument in this phase is also regarding the security. It is not possible to duplicate a biometric feature of an individual during the data uploading stage or in the verification stage. In the traditional method of token system, the user ID and the password may be easily replicated, which is not possible at all in the biometric authenticating technology. These unique characteristics cannot be lost or stolen. Disadvantages In the same way, there are several arguments against the introduction of the particular technological advancement—biometric authentication technology. Though the cost for the implementation of the biometric technology is coming down, still it is too expensive. While implementing the system, it is not enough to acquire the hardware and the software, but they are to be linked with the current networking. The cost return ratio is very low in the technolog y even though it helps to reduce the administration overheads. Although many find biometric authentication systems to be very successful, they ignore the fact that the same authentication data can be misused in multiple applications. When the user inputs his biometric authentication data for his identity in a particular application, the same data can be used to authenticate that person in a different application. It is a threat to the person’s security over his properties. For an example, if a user authenticates himself with his biometric characteristics to get access to airlines, an unwanted person can gain access to the user’s bank account, car, etc with the same authentication data, which can be hacked from the network easily. Scientists say that these problems will be outsourced by the invention of further advanced systems. However, how far the technology goes, till there will be its disadvantages too. Besides, as Vaca (2007) points out, in the biometric authentica tion technology, first of all, the person who captures the raw biometric data must be trust worthy person, as they have the option of keeping the raw data with themselves. Ethical Issues The controversy of the technological advancement has put forward so many social and ethical impacts. The biometrical authentication systems raise many ethical issues regarding the concept of privacy. These issues are not the same

Media and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media and Society - Essay Example In the case of children Chaves describes that children who have a greater exposure to violent movies choose to play violent games whereas others who do not watch television do not follow the same pattern. This clearly indicates that there is a very strong relationship between a person's behavior and his exposure to media. To further evidence this Wilson's researches are also very useful. Wilson in his research has referred to the Social cognitive theory according to which a child learns and absorbs whatever he sees and is exposed to and modifies his behavior accordingly. Wilson supported his statement by saying that children are really impressed by the super heroes and they try to act like them and as the super heroes have an aggressive behavior hence the children also do. These findings are even more supported by the experiments carried by Hussmann who collected two groups of children exposing one of them to violent movies whereas the other group was not. It was then analyzed that t he children exposed to violent movies developed an aggressive behavior whereas the others did not (Wilson). Media not only affects the behavior of a person but also his habits. Attractive advertisements of different foods attract a person and hence drive a person to eating different types of junk foods. Hence according to chaves such exposure has led to greater instances of obesity. According to chaves experiments media has also played a role in the increased number of smokers belonging to all age groups. The different promotions in magazines, internet and the televisions have grabbed the minds of many viewers and especially children who easily get fascinated while watching people they adore smoking and hence develop such habits themselves. In a similar manner this has also led to an increase in alcohol consumption and use of drugs. Though there is not much evidence to support the fact that media has also driven into early sexual activity but Chaves believed that this is also one of the negative impact that the media has created. Things that were considered to be difficult to talk about are now more easily communicated and talked about because of the exposure to media. Apart from obesity media has also led to other medical problems. Women who become obsessed with models try to become like them and the drive to become slim like them makes them psychological patients pushing them towards anorexia. Heroines and models have started to make females more conscious of their physical appearance than before and this can be harmful for many of them leading to many psychological problems. Wilson gave strong evidences that violence is very common in today's world. Wilson observed that news is the most common mean of media which exposes violence. This argument clearly shows that according to the writer our society is full of violence and aggressive behaviors since the news exposes the real but exaggerated picture of our society and crimes. The exposure of such crimes and violent behaviors are resulting in violent and aggressive attitudes of youth and is continuously harming our

Work Package Essay Example for Free

Work Package Essay What approach would you take to identify the activities needed to complete the work package? A work package is a portion of the WBS that allows project management to define the steps necessary for completing the project. (Ultimate Resource for PM) In my opinion, the activities should be divided into different levels. We should try to pick the most important activities and try to avoid the less-important ones. Put the feasible activities on the list and delete the impractical ones. How would you know that you have identified the right level of detail? To identify the right level of the details, we have to start from the first level. The first level should be a general idea of the activities and the main steps. The second level is the expansion of the first level. So is the third level. Form the top-down structure, the top level is always the conclusion and the basic level is the details. How would you prevent identifying ‘too much’ detail or too many activities that would it very difficult for you to manage? By identifying the details, we should try to take the details that build up the structure and work for the project. It should be a blueprint for the project manager to identify the activities clearly. So we should just keep the main steps on the list and try to avoid the unnecessary activities. Can you give an example of a Work Package or something similar (it can be a real life example) where you decomposed the deliverable (what is needed) into the activities that are needed to complete the deliverable? When I was in the former class, our team was to finish one project called developing new IPhone 5 market. So we tried to develop our WBS and the deliverables. Our team had thought of 3 main deliverables of producing, advertising and customer service. But we found out that actually, we needed to decompose the producing into producing, packing and transportation. Mailing new iPhone to different customers and stores is still a big activity we need to pay attention to.

An analysis of Laurence Sternes The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman Essay Example for Free

An analysis of Laurence Sternes The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman Essay In this essay my aim is to demonstrate how the author parodies the different narrative techniques, how he uses the time-shift device, how he introduces the relationship between the narrator and the reader, how he addresses the reader and how he makes use of the hobby-horses. For an introduction I would like to mention some aspects of the novel and its reception. Sterne is best known for his novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, for which he became famous not only in England, but throughout Europe as well. Sterne wrote Tristram Shandy between 1759 and 1767. It was published in nine volumes, the first two appearing in 1760, and seven others following over the next ten years. According to a literary webpage it was not always thought as a masterpiece by other writers such as Samuel Johnson who said in a critique from 1776 that nothing odd will do long. Tristram Shandy did not last; but in opposition to that European critics such as Voltaire and later Goethe praised the book, clearly superior. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne). The novel may have been for Sterne and his contemporaries an excitingly new form, but Sterne manages to bring home to the reader what a novel could not do as well as what it could. (Ricks,15). According to Andrew Sanders this novel is: the one that is freest of insistent linearity, the one that makes the most daring bid to escape from the models established by the epic or by history. It glances back to the anecdotal learning of Burtons The Anatomy of Melancholy, to the bawdy ebullience of Rabelais, and to the experimental games of Swift and the Scriblerians, but it is ultimately an unprecedented, and still unrivalled, experiment with form. (Sanders, 317). In this novel, Sterne broadens the possibilities of the novel form, and yet unlike most novels, it is concerned explicitly with reminding us that there are things which you cannot expect a novel to do. The greatness of Sterne is that, with humour, and sensitivity, he insists all the time that novels cannot save us. (Ricks, 13) To begin my analysis, first I would like to look at how Sterne parodies the different narrative techniques. According to Jeffrey Williams the novel demonstrates an extraordinary form in novelistic sense due to the fact that the narrative of Tristrams autobiography and the history of the Shandy family are incomplete and intermitted. The arrangement of the plot is quite exceptional concerning the conventional plot forms because it is disorganised and has a non- linear schema. (Williams, 1032) An essayist, namely Viktor Shklovsky, gives the answer to that unique form that the disorder is intentional; the work possesses its own poetics. (Shklovsky, 66) Following the previous statement from Jeffrey Williams, the narrated events are often interrupted by Tristram who calls for the importance of narration. He explains that Tristram Shandy is an embedded narration, which means that the interrupted parts and comments make a linear narrative. The main character is the narrator, Tristram Shandy, who tries to acquire the best he can when recounting the history of the Shandy family from 1695 till 1711. (Williams, 1033) As Shklovsky puts it, Tristram Shandy is the most typical of novels because it so overtly inscribes its own narrative, its own act of narrating. (Shklovsky, 66). To continue with this theme, the time of narrating is worth mentioning. In an essay by Jeffrey Williams, Genette Gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rard distinguishes four types of narration according to temporal position and places this novel into the simultaneous form, meaning narrative in the present contemporaneous with the action. (Williams, 1036) From this explanation it turns out that Tristram Shandy, as part of Tristrams autobiography, is a narration in the past. The other basic device Sterne uses is the time-shift technique which brakes whatever action may seem to be developing (Shklovsky, 67) To illustrate what Shklovsky means by the time-shift device, he takes an example from the book. In the first volume, Sterne tells us about the interruption of a sexual act (in which Tristram was begot) by Mrs Shandys question. The anecdote is figured out as the following: Tristrams father sleeps with his wife only on the first Sunday of each month; the same evening he winds up the clock in order to get out of the way at one time all family concernments, and be no more plagued and pestered with them the rest of the month. As a conclusion, an irresistible association of ideas became established in his wifes mind; as soon as she heard the clock being wound up, a totally different matter came to her mind, and the other way around. That is the reason for her question, Pray, my dear, []have you not forgot to wind up the clock? (Shklovsky, 67; also qtd by TS. , 35) and the interruption of Tristrams fathers activity.. (Shklovsky, 67). He pointed out in his essay that this anecdote is presented into the book through different steps. The initial step is the comment about the irresponsibility of parents, then the mothers question without a reason for its significance. The reader may think that the question interrupted what the father was saying but this is only Sternes trick which aims at our misconception: - Did ever woman, since the creation of the world, interrupt a man with such a silly question? (T.S.; 36 also qtd. by Shklovsky). This device determines the novel from the beginning. Shklovsky states that Sterne mentions the purpose only after the actions, which is his constant device. Following the time-shift technique, another device Shklovsky presents is the usage of sewing together the novel from different short stories. Sterne seems to manipulate and expose the novels very structure: formal devices and structural relations made perceptible by violating their ordinary employment, which make up the very content of the novel. Sterne permitted actions to take place simultaneously, but he parodied the development of the subplot and the intrusion into it of new material. The description of Tristram Shandys birth is the material developed in the first part, occupying many pages, almost none of which are devoted to the account of the birth itself. What is developed, in the main, is the heros conversation with Uncle Toby. (Shklovsky, 68-69) ____ I wonder whats all that noise, and running backwards and forwards for, above stairs, quoth my father, addressing himself, after an hour and a halfs silence, to my uncle Toby, ___ who you must know, was sitting on the opposite side of the fire, smoking his social pipe all the time, in mute contemplation of a new pair of black-push-breeches which he had got on;___ What can they be doing, brother?____ quoth my father, we can scarce hear ourselves talk. I think, replied my uncle Toby, taking his pipe from his mouth, and striking the head of it two or three times upon the nail of his left thumb, as he began his sentence,____ I think, says he: ____ But to enter rightly into my uncle Tobys sentiments upon this matter, you must be made to enter a little into his character, the outlines of which I shall just give you, and then the dialogue between him and my father will go on as well again. (TS., 87; also qtd. by Shklovsky, 69) As the former example demonstrates, the technique of intrusion is used by Sterne constantly, and it is obvious in his funny remembrance of Uncle Toby. He not only recognizes the hyperbolic elaborations of his development, but plays with that development. This method is for Sterne the canon. (Shklovsky, 70). The next topic relating to the novel is how the relationship of the narrator and the reader is presented. For this matter, I will use an Internet source, namely an essay by Aimed Ben-hellal. According to Aimed Ben-hellal, in the beginning of the novel Tristram Shandy declares that Writing, when properly managed, (as you may be sure I think mine is) is but a different name for a conversation () (T.S., 127, also qtd. by Ben-hellal). This statement will determine his writing all the way through the book. Tristrams speech defines the continuous dialogue between narrator and reader. In the above example the reader is addressed in an informal and communicative way. Tristram tries to lure the reader from the beginning of the novel and tries to get as much of his attention as he can, which means that the reader is brought on the stage to become the true character of the book (Ben-hellal, 1). In the opening chapter of the book, Tristram addresses the reader as the following: ___ Believe me good folks, this is not so inconsiderable a thing as many of you may think it () (T.S, 36, also qtd. by Ben-hellal). In this quotation, the narrator attempts to catch the attention of his reader to point out his understanding of the sad circumstances of his destiny. The heros life and his adventures are presented to the reader in order to get to know him. The narrator manages to establish the first contact. The appellation good folks is usually indicative of the distance which initially separates the actor from his spectators. (Ben-hellal, 2). Three chapters later this distance lessens: I know there are readers in the world, as well as many other good people in it, who are readers at all, __ who find themselves ill at ease, unless they are let into the whole secret from first to last, of every thing which concerns you. ( T.S, 37, also qtd. by Ben-hellal, 2). Ben-hellal states that Tristram invites different kinds of people, occasional readers or literature addicts to try to deal with the unfolding of the narrative. Tristrams story begins ab Ovo (from the egg), in defiance of the Homeric epic tradition that begins stories in the middle of things and then allows the background to unfold along with the action. The alternative, seemingly, would be to begin with the beginning; Tristram takes the possibility to an almost ludicrous extreme by beginning from his conception rather than his birth. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne) Tristram tries to select the kind of readers that will best understand him due to the fact that a novel crucially depends on a reader. (Ben-hellal, 2) The following quotation clearly illustrates that: To such readers, however, as do not choose to go so far back into these things, I can give no better advice, than that they skip over the remaining part of this Chapter; for I declare before hand, tis wrote only for the curious and the inquisitive. (T.S, 38; also qtd. by Ben-hellal,2) As Ben-hellal pointed out in chapter six, volume one, the narrator and a reader become much closer to one another. In the novel this intimacy referred to as you, Sir, or my dear friend and companion. The personal pronouns, I, and you, emphasize the informality of the conversation. As you proceed further with me, the slight acquaintance which is now beginning betwixt us, will grow into familiarity; and that, unless one of us is in fault, will terminate in friendship.() then nothing which has touched me will be thought trifling in its nature, or tedious in its telling (T.S, 41, also qtd. by Ben-hellal, 3). This chapter turns out to be the beginning of intimacy and sociability. The narrators main concern is to be friendly with the reader, and to sympathise with the unfortunate hero. (Ben-hellal, 3) Tristrams frequent addresses to the reader draw us into the novel. From Tristrams perspective, we are asked to be open-minded, and to follow his lead in an experimental kind of literary adventure. The gap between Tristram -the- author and Sterne-the-author, however, invites us not only to participate with Tristram, but also to assess his character and his narrative. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne) A quotation quoted by Ben-hellal illustrates the number and frequency of apostrophes, which indicates that Tristrams relationship with his readership become quite intimate. Tristram addresses the reader approximately three hundred and fifty times during the course of the book as My Lord, Jenny, Madam, your worship, Julia, your reverences, gentry,(). It is as though the reader has invaded the book and Tristams confidence in a single statement rest on determining the unknown readership. (Ben-hellal,3) This considered, we might safely infer that the concept of readership is significantly manipulated in Tristram Shandy. Tristrams behaviour differs according to changes in the identity of his imaginary reader. From chapter six on, the type of reader identities becomes wider and more varied. ( Ben-hellal, 3). The following passage will best illustrate how the narrator addresses the reader: Your son! __ your dear son, ___ from whose sweet temper you have so much to expect. ___Your Billy, Sir! ___ would you, for the world, have called him Judas? ___ Would you, my dear Sir, he would say, laying his hand upon your breast, with the genteelest address () ___Would you, Sir, if a Jew of a godfather had proposed the name for your child, and offered you his purse along with it, would you have consented to such a desecration of him? (TS, 78; also qtd. By Ben-hellal, 4). Pleading in favour of his fathers theory about the influence of names on the destiny of new-born children, Tristram addresses the reader in the liveliest manner. Exclamation and question marks punctuate the whole passage to convey an impression of lively exchanges. As he tries to demonstrate the validity of Walter Shandys viewpoint, Tristram humorously implicates the reader and the readers son Billy. To make his point the narrator stages a tailor-made reader (and his son), for the space of a single representation and asks him if he would have accepted to christen his hypothetical son with the name of Judas (Ben-hellal, 4). The most comical dialogues in the novel are when the imaginary female reader is addressed by Tristram. ___How could you, Madam, be so inattentive in reading the last chapter? I told you in it, That my mother was not a papist. ___ Papist! You told me no such thing, Sir. Madam, I beg leave to repeat it over again, That I told you as plain, at least, as words, by direct inference, could tell you such a thing. ___ Then, Sir, I must have missd a page.___ No Madam, __ you have not missd a word. Then I was asleep, Sir.__ My pride, Madam, cannot allow you that refuge.___ Then I declare, I know nothing about the matter.___ That, Madam, is the very fault I lay to your charge; and as a punishment for it, I do insist upon it, that you immediately turn back, that is, as soon as you get to the next full stop, and read the whole chapter over again (TS, 82; also qtd. By Ben-hellal, 4). According to Ben-hellal, the female reader is introduced because the narrator wants to discipline her and the reason lies in the act of reading. Punctuation is again present, showing the concept of conversation. Reading through the quotation, Tristram resembles as an authoritarian narrator, who instructs the Madam what to do and how to do things. The narrator accuses her of not reading attentively. (Ben Hellal, 5) In Chapter twenty, Tristram says: I wish the male-reader has not passed by many a one, as quaint and curious as this one, in which the female-reader has been detected. I wish it may have its effects; __ and that all good people, both male and female, from her example, may be thought to think as well as read. (TS, 84) In the above quotation, the narrator tries to highlight the importance of thinking and reading. He points out the example of the Madam to others, in order to learn from it. The last topic I would like to touch upon is how the reader is associated with the idea of the hobby-horse. There is nothing inherently sinister about these hobby-horses; most people have them, and Tristram confesses readily to having a few of his own. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne) In an article about the idea of the hobby-horse, the writer, namely Helen Ostovich, deals with the reader-relationship between the narrator and a female reader, Madam. Tristram usually treats Sir ___ his male reader ___with casual indifference, and showers his mighty or fashionable readers , whether secular or clerical __ your worships and your reverences __ with genial contempt. He lumps the male readers together with other good, unlearned folks in his conception of the collective reader as recalcitrant hobby-horse. (Ostovich, 156) The female reader represents a special kind of hobby-horse to Tristram. Madam is in comparison with the Spanish horse, Rosinante. She is, like Rosinante, the HEROs horse a horse of chaste deportment, which may have given grounds for a contrary opinion () __ And let me tell you, Madam, there is a great deal of very good chastity in the world, in behalf of which you could not say more of your life. (TS, 47-48; also qtd. by Ostovich, 156) According to Ostovich, this quotation suggests that the horses physical appearance and the riders imagination are related. Man and hobby-horse are, in Tristrams opinion, are similar to body and soul: long journeys and much friction create electric charges between the two that redefine both, so that ultimately a clear description of the nature of the one may form a pretty exact notion of the genius and character of the other. (T.S, 99; also qtd. by Ostovich, 156) By getting on a horse and riding it well means a good experience. This happens in the case of the writer; if he writes with pleasure, the reader will bear him so the experience provides its own answers. (Ostovich, 156) To conclude my analysis of Tristram Shandy, one can say that this novel is not a conventional one due to its most noticeable characteristics; its time-scheme and its discursive style. Works Cited 1. Ostovich, Helen. Reader as Hobby-Horse in Tristram Shandy. In: New, Melvyn, ed. Tristram Shandy. (Contemporary Critical Essays). London: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1992. 2. Sanders, Andrew. The Short Oxford History of English Literature. Oxford: Oxford UP Second Ed., 1994. pp. 317-318. 3. Shklovsky, Viktor. A Parodying Novel: Sternes Tristram Shandy. In: O Teorii Prozy. Moscow, 1929. 4. Sterne, Laurence. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. London: Penguin Group., 1967. 5. Williams, Jeffrey. Narrative of Narrative. (Tristram Shandy). Modern Language Notes. 105(1990): pp. 1032 1045. 6. www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne 7. www.univ-mlv.fr/bibliotheque/presses/travaux/travaux2/benhellal.htm

I Am Sayings Of Jesus In Johns Gospel Religion Essay

I Am Sayings Of Jesus In Johns Gospel Religion Essay The aim of this assignment is to exegetically discussing the I AM sayings of Jesus within Johns Gospel, state their significance to salvation. Jesus used symbolic language in talking about Himself and His relationship to people. According to Tenney the reason for Jesus using symbols was to illustrate various aspects of His ministry. John uses symbols to point to the heavenly reality revealed in Jesus. In light of this Butler states that the word symbol does not appear in the Bible however, both the Old and New Testament are rich in symbolic language. Authorship The author of Johns Gospel is not mentioned by name, but early Christian sources indicate this Gospel was written by John, the disciple and son of Zebedee, one of the twelve disciples who was at the Passover meal with Jesus. John referred to himself as the beloved disciple and eyewitness of the events of Jesus life. He identifies himself as, this is the disciple that testifies of these things, and wrote these things; and we know that his testimony is true (John 21:24). Johns Gospel includes seven I AM sayings revealing God as manifested in Jesus and His relationship with Israel. Gods name I AM reveals His identity, His status, and His character, and was given to Jesus so that He can reveal Gods glory to mankind, in the world where many claim to be gods and saviours. The Bread of Life This is the first of Johns sayings where he uses the metaphor to reveal Jesus as life-giving food. As a whole the passage challenges the Galileans to believe in Jesus heavenly origin and incarnation so that they may have eternal life now as well as at the end-time. John describes Jesus as the Son of Man, who is the true food that gives imperishable life; this teaching was a testing to see whether the hearers would decide to follow Christ or reject Him. After Jesus had satisfied the hunger of five thousand people from multiplying five loaves of bread and two fishes; they had became hungry again and asked Jesus to tell them about the spiritual truth about the food that nourished each of them. Milne claims that the Galileans had materialistic agenda and a lacked the awareness of the needs of the heart. For them Gods blessings are a free food supply and a political Messiah who would rid them of their heated Roman leaders. Their concern is with what they can do to help the cause along. They demanded another miracle to prove His claim to give eternal life. They thought that believing could come only by seeing miracles. Jesus points out to them that if they spend their present and future life working to gain material things and ignore the food available to them in Jesus, they will perish. The people challenged Jesus claim that He had sole authority by God to give them imperishable food. They then began to cite Scripture to Jesus by saying, it is written that our forefathers ate manna that was given to them as food from heaven by Moses (Exodus 16:31). The point they were trying to make here is that the manna eaten by their forefathers had a heavenly character. Jesus responded by correcting their misinterpretation of the scripture, and stated that the manna had not come from Moses but from God, his Father. Whereas the manna (food) God supplied in the wilderness through Moses was perishable it gave physical life and satisfying physical hunger and was only for the people of Israel. The bread God gives through Jesus is the true imperishable bread and is the gift of life for the whole world. The people asked Jesus to give them this bread always, they did not understand what it was they were requesting. They did not know the spiritual significance of the food given nor that Jesus Himself is that food, but assumed that Jesus was speaking of some kind of supernatural food that would be available whenever they felt hungry. This then prompts Jesus to finally say, I am the bread of life, who ever comes to me will never go hungry and he who believes in me will never be thirsty. John states that they were focussing on the gift without recognising the giver, and saw Him as a wonder worker. Jesus is the imperishable food, He is the source of life imparts life to humans, and to receive this life one should come to Him in faith not by works. Jesus concern is to confront them with their errors and point them to the true way to find life from God, they only need to believe and rely on Him and on Him alone as the one the Father has sent as a sacrifice for the sin of the world. The Light of the World The second saying of Jesus claim to be the true Light of the people of God, not only of Israel, but of the whole world. Within this passage it gives two ways of life on earth which is dominated by two opposite forces light and darkness. John uses ideas that were current in his time to proclaim that anyone who believes in Jesus and obeys Him cannot be controlled by evil, and because Jesus is the Light darkness cannot overcome Him. In chapter (8:24) Jesus conflict with those who were in darkness because of their sin and unbelief, illustrates an ongoing conflict between light and darkness and further justifying His claim as the Light of the world. What he is saying here is that only He can lead people out of darkness into light, out of their delusion into truth, and from death by giving the light of life. Whoever follows Him will never walk in darkness but have the light of life. From this Jesus is saying that He has a unique relationship with the Father and He is the revelation of the one and only God, who is light and salvation. Jesus is the Light of the world in the sense that He is the radiance of Gods glory in the world, and bearer of the light of God. In (Isa 49:6) He is also recall as the Servant of the Lord who would be a light for the Gentiles who will bring salvation to all mankind. The Good Shepherd and the Door This passage contains two metaphorically I AM sayings whereby Jesus declares himself to be the Good Shepherd and the Door. Here he promises protection and a way of salvation for his followers. Firstly by taking on the role of Shepherd Jesus reveals himself as the Christ and Shepherd King, who leads his people with compassion, protecting and caring for them while providing a sense of belonging to himself and God. As the shepherd goes before the sheep they in turn humbly follow Him, trusting and obeying His words and not the words of those who oppose Him. Secondly Jesus points out that there is only one door into the sheepfold, implies that He is the only door to Salvation. By proclaiming that He is the door for the sheep, Jesus is saying that He is the only way by which one can experience God and His love; the only one through whom heavenly secrets and divine life are imparted to those who obey Him, He is their protector and the means by which they obtain spiritual nourishment, He is the only way of communication between heaven and earth. In addition to this Jesus claims that thieves and robbers who came before Him can never enter the sheepfold to mislead the sheep (people). Here Jesus is referring to the Pharisees, the Jewish leaders, who exercise authority over the people of Israel by misinterpreting the Law to 4 their own advantage; and the leaders who attempt, to win the loyalty of the people before Christ came in the flesh. He says, Like thieves, they approach was secret and crafty, and like robbers they were engaged in violence and destruction (Ezek 34:1). They had not been sent by God either through Christ, but illegitimately claim leadership. Jesus states that the sheep shall no longer follow or listen to the voice of these false leaders, because they now know and hear the voice of the true shepherd. The Resurrection and Life In chapter eleven Jesus affirms He is the resurrection and life, and John quotes that raising Lazarus from the dead at Bethany is a prelude to Jesus own death and resurrection. He claims that the resurrection life is like a future experience and a present reality. Secondly John claims that Jesus is the only one who can raise the dead and give life. Therefore, the resurrection and life can only be experienced in Jesus. Consequently the word life is identical to eternal life, the divine gift given to those who believe in Jesus. Ultimately, those who receive His life are born of the Spirit. Christ does not only raise the dead by His voice giving life, but He is the resurrection and the life, having the power to resurrection fullness of life, also affirming that He works in oneness with God in raising the dead. According to Jesus, all human beings will be resurrected after death to receive Gods judgement, for it is appointed for them to die once, and after that to face judgement (Heb 9:27). The words will never die does not promise immortality, but those who believe in Jesus by faith will face physical death like every other human being, but death will have no control over them. By the power of Jesus they will rise up from the dead to experience heavenly life in all its fullness. Therefore the one who lives and keeps on believing will not perish eternally. The Way, the Truth, and the Life John sees this as Jesus pastoral speech delivered to His disciples before He leaves them to go to the Father. In spite of their close relationship with Jesus, 5 His disciples still did not understand His destination. From this misunderstanding Jesus makes His sixth I AM saying, and it is the only one to be followed by three predicates. He profess that he is the way, the truth and the life, and that no one comes to the Father but through Him. Here the way is the one that is emphasised because it corresponds with Jesus statement in (14:4) Where I go you Know, and the way you know, and Thomas inquiry in (14:5), Lord we do not know where you are going; how can we know the way? The predicates truth and life are then added to explain the term way. In response to Thomass question Jesus answers him by saying, I am going to be with God, the Father of us all. So when He states, I am the way, He is saying that it is only in communion with Him that one can reach God. Here John stresses that Jesus is Gods only revelation and the only way of salvation. Jesus came from God and is going back to God by way of being crucified and then resurrected; He is Gods self-revelation and the one who is the only way to God. The two nouns truth and life, reveal that Jesus is the true and living way to God, because He is the truth of God and the life of God. Here Johns emphasis is on the person Jesus who is the way to the presence of God there one wil l experience eternal joy. Parallel to verse 6 is Psalm 16:11 which speak of those who follow the path of life will experience joy to the full in the presence of God. Jesus is the Word incarnate and teaches to His disciples that He is the true and life-giving way to the presence of God in peace and prosperity; Isaiah (30:23-26), also speaks of this prosperity to the people who obey the word. As the way, Jesus gives us access to the Father; He will also include with Himself all those who trust in Him when He returns to His Father. As the truth, Jesus reveals God as the Truth to the world in His love, mercy and deliverance. As the life, Jesus gives life and peace to all those who believe in Him. Only those who see Gods love and faithfulness in Jesus and draws towards Him, will know the way to reach God, this is wholly expressed in His statement no one comes to the Father except through me. 6 Since Jesus is the embodiment of divine truth and life, the only way to enter the heavenly realm is through Him. The Vine In the final I AM sayings Jesus uses the metaphor of the vine and the branches. He reveals Himself as the true vine, and compares Himself with the people of Israel who he metaphorically described as branches who had failed to bear fruit, therefore failing to glorify God. Fortunately, what is known as failure and impossible with man, can be turned into success and become possible through Christ. Knowing He is from heaven and the life He possesses is divine, He can also supply life to the branches. Here John presents Jesus not as one who bears fruit, but as the source of power allowing those who stay in union with Him to bear fruit and fulfil the plan of God. Hebrews 9:24 quotes that the tabernacle in heaven is called the true tent and the earthly sanctuary is known as a copy of the true one that is in heaven. Jesus reveals Himself to be the true vine. This vine is of heavenly origin, and therefore has the ability to reveal heavenly reality and give life to the branches which are united with it. Jesus refers to God as the vinedresser this shows us that God is the owner and planter of the vine and the branches. The function of the branches is to bear fruit, in other words one need to do good deeds after repentance (Luke 6:35, Matt 3:10). God expects good works from human beings, and failure to perform them will lead to Gods judgement, resulting in one being separated from Him and to destruction. Those who bear fruit reproduce Jesus life by which the Fathers glory will be revealed to the world. Jesus continues the metaphor by referring to all His disciples saying, every branch of mine. Meaning those who are united with Jesus will be recognized by the world as His disciples. The Father, the vinedresser, takes away any branches that does not bear fruit, and prunes those that do. Clearly what is seen here is that God is the one who controls the whole process of fruit-bearing. 7 He purifies the vine to protect the fruit-bearing branches by removing branches that do not bear fruit meaning followers of Christ who becomes unfaithful. He takes them away from His people and consigning them to eternal punishment. God also purifies the fruitful branches by pruning them so that they will bear more fruit. Gods pruning of believers takes place through the saving mission of Christ words and deeds. Jesus tells His disciples that they are already clean by the word He has spoken, which is the Fathers word. Here word stands for the whole message of salvation preached and performed by Jesus who also declares God and His love to mankind. Those who receive Jesus and His word by faith will see Gods Glory and are passed from death to life. The disciples, who have received Jesus word, are already clean; however, cleaning is a process; as long as they remain in Christ God the Father will continue to clean them so that they will bear more fruit. Jesus emphasises this point so that they realise the Father is already pruning them and they are already cleansed making them fit for union with Christ. They need not attempt to wipe out evil from their minds or partake in any form of meditation in order to achieve union with God; for union with Christ, and in Him with God, is a gift that has already been given and need to be received by faith. Jesus exhortation, abide in me and I in you, is the key statement in chapter fifteen. Here Jesus issues a command, in terms of the metaphor of a vine and it branches. This metaphor highlights the communal life of which the person who does the abiding is part of. Life for the church flows from Jesus, and one cannot absorb life from Him unless they are united with Him. All one need to do is to remain in union with Him. When we abide in Christ, and make His word our theme of meditation in our everyday life in love and obedience, we can apply His word to changes in our every day situation. Believers can be nurtured by Jesus life through meditating on and absorbing His words. Conclusion Jesus came into the world from heaven to bring salvation to mankind, by giving up His own life as a sacrifice on the cross. Gods name I AM and glory are given to Him revealing them to those who believe in Him as the anointed Messiah sent by God into the world. He has divine authority and delegated power to give heavenly life to everyone who comes to Him. There is no other person one can look for divine life except in the one whom God has authorized. So to follow and abide in Jesus is the only way to salvation, as we observe from His I AM sayings. Salvation is no longer confined to the nation of Israel but is extended to all nations of the world.

Paris Hilton: The Eigth Deadly SIn :: essays research papers

Paris Hilton: The Eighth Deadly Sin Pride, envy, anger, avarice, sloth, gluttony, lust, and Paris Hilton. The seven deadly sins and Paris the heiress have combined to overtake pop culture as we know it. It may be a coincidence this blond bombshells favorite number is seven, but in the pubic eye Paris is the epitome of such sins. Who blames her? She’s famous, wealthy, beautiful, human, and everywhere you look. From the television, to movies, magazines, books, clothing lines, and even armature video stores†¦ the list goes on, and so she follows. America is obsessed with Paris. When Hilton’s dog, Tinkerbell, disappeared it made national news. When the heiress herself attended a New York Knicks game, Madison square garden chanted her name, while the not so lucky Knicks were down thirty points in the third quarter. Our obsession with Paris has reached an all time high. Americans are now beginning to look, smell, talk and act like Miss Hilton herself. Pride as stated in the seven deadly sins is the desire to be important or attractive to others and to show excessive love of self. In such a case America must forgive Miss Hilton, for she has sinned. Paris had no problem denying she â€Å"feel’s lucky when she looks in the mirror,† in her December 2004 interview with Rolling Stones. But does America blame her for feeling lucky? She is the epitome of lucky and not to mention a designers dream. As Nicole Jones states in her, Getting the Style, commentary Paris has the body of a runway model, and alien thinness that few bear naturally. Designers are not fools to the Paris pandemonium. Not only can she flawlessly sport a trend, she can also sell one†¦ or even two. With a single picture Paris brought forth the Von Dutch decade and the times of the trucker†¦ hat that is. Paris’s trends have teenagers out spending their cold hard cash on real expensive cotton. As Nicole Jones points out in her commentary, Amer ica loves Hilton’s fashion because it is not too difficult for us to incorporate in our own wardrobe. It didn’t take long for guess designer, Marciano, to realize he wanted to bring in some of the Paris’s pop culture platinum. According to Forbes magazine, after making Miss Hilton Marciano’s new guess girl sales rose about 16%. Paris herself does not even underestimate the power of her and name, and in essence continues to commit the

Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, which was published in March 1981 by Bantam Books in New York, New York is a funny piece of work about twenty- nine characters and their stories while on their way to Canterbury. The twenty-nine characters have to tell two stories on their trip to Canterbury. In the Wife of Bath tale, the wife of bath tells of a tale of a young knight, the central character in the story. After he raped a woman, he must roam the countryside in search to the answer to the question â€Å"what is it that women most desire?† This is the plot, for he must find the answer in order to live. The knight only has one year to get to answer this question and then he has to return to King Arthur’s court and await his sentence. The setting is in King Arthur’s court when a young man saw a pretty maiden and raped her. The King was going to sentence him to death but the Queen decided to give him one year to answer the question . The story is told from the Wife of Bath’s point of view for she is narrating the story. So the conflict, being that he has to find the answer, is established. The knight’s journey does not go well. Finally on the last day that he has, he comes up to a group of women, as he approaches they disappear and an old woman appears. This part is the climax of the plot because it is when the knight finally knows the answer. The old woman says that she knows the answer but she will only tell it to the Queen and in return she must do anything that she asks of him. The knight agrees. Finally, while in the presence of the Queen, she tells her that the answer to what all women desire is sovereignty over their husbands. No one disagrees with her answer and so the old woman asks that she be married to the knight. The knight having sworn to do whatever she pleased reluctantly agrees. But this is not the resolution. It happens later on while on their wedding night. The knight is somewhat disgusted and so the old woman goes on to lecture him on the trivial nature of appearances. She tells the knight whether he would prefer to have a woman ugly by day, yet loyal and faithful the rest of the time or to be beautiful and take his chances the rest of the time.

Illegal Downloading is Stealing :: essays research papers

Illegal Downloading â€Å"is† Stealing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the popularity of the Internet, sales for CDs, DVDs, Movies, and many other products have increased. Along with the increase of sales has brought forth an ever increasing problem of illegal media being downloaded. Programs such as Bittorent, Kazaa, and other direct-connect networking programs have allowed the transferring of such illegal media. Downloading song files from the Internet over a free peer to peer network is the moral equivalent of shoplifting music CDs from the local mall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you download any illegal media you are getting something for free that everyone else is required to pay a fee for. DVDs and CDs that cost others anywhere from 15 dollars to 60 dollars or more are being distributed for free as long as you have a download client. If you have programs such as Bittorent or Kazaa, you only have to find someone that already has the media on their computer, in which they either paid for the copies or they too downloaded the media illegally from someone else. On most of the â€Å"real† media (the cases), it states that you are not to distribute or copy the material because it is an illegal act, and you will be punished if caught.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only is downloading this media illegal, it is also morally wrong. It is our responsibility to know the difference between right and wrong - downloading this media is something that shouldn’t be done. The artists that create the CDs pay a lot of money to make the CDs for our pleasure, and in return they expect everyone to pay for their CDs (its how they make their money). In this respect, downloading illegal music through peer to peer networks is the equivalent to stealing a CD from an actual store.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By downloading any type of media for free that is normally paid for through a store, unless so stated, you are breaking the law. There have been many laws written that forbid the downloading of any copyrighted materials such as music CDs, Movies, and computer programs. If you are caught downloading any of these types of media, or found to have any on your computer, you can and will be fined or even jailed. The same consequences would be applied if you were caught stealing from a store. As suggests, there is no difference if you steal from a store, or steal it through your computer.

Problem Solving at Sun-2-Shade Using Maslow’s Motivational Theory Essay

In using Maslow’s motivational theory, I would observe where the employees at Sun-2-Shade were in comparison to the chart Maslow illustrates. According to â€Å"Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs† chart, â€Å"When one need is satisfied, another; higher need emerges and motivated us to satisfy it, (Nickels, McHugh, McHugh, 2013).† In taking notice that the employees come late to work, I feel they have satisfied the basic physiological needs. They no longer feel the need to focus on the basic survival needs such as food, water, and shelter. Therefore there is no need to start here because they are satisfied with their finances and being employed with Sun-2-Shade. So, I would go to the next level and examine safety needs, are they feeling secure at work, and based on the case study because they are coming in late they feel secure enough that they have no fear of being reprimanded for being late which also doesn’t affect their physiological or safety needs. So, based on that I assume that there is no need for motivation here, unless I decided to start writing them up to stir them to come on time. My desired goal is to make them feel like they are part of the team. I make a decision not to use this tactic now, because that’s minor, it is something I can fix quickly. I conclude that based in Maslow theory that the safety need is being satisfactorily met. Their complaint is not with the company, but the job is boring. I can assume that they are reasonably secure with benefits and feel they have a safe work environment at Sun-2-Shade. I would go on to the next level to analyze if their social needs are being appeased. Upon an carefully assessing the fact the they are complaining about their job as being boring, and taking into consideration that they resent that I am making the decisions to move this company ahead, I discern my employees are here at this level and have become disconcerted. I will organize here, because I sense they don’t feel valued or accepted or having a sense of belonging. Perhaps I can be more willing to include them on why we have developed what is the best way to do the job. I can assign or get volunteers more involved by allowing them to make sheets outlining standard operating procedures making it well-defined. They may be more apt to  accept and hopefully at the same time I can work to develop involvement that inspires them to take more interest and initiative helping them to be more committed and feel a personal link to the company. I believe this will be beneficial for both the company and employees. In using Herzberg’s theory because he suggests that the Hygiene (Maintenance) factors are in comparison to Maslow’s theory, he concludes that these may cause dissatisfaction on the job, but are not necessarily motivators, because in his research what motivates workers is a sense of accomplishments, and being recognized, having an opportunity to develop while learning, and having more responsibility given to them. In using Herzberg’s theory I would have to approach my employees from a similar but perhaps different angle. He categorizes things just a little different. He believes that motivation comes from within a person not from those unavoidably outside factors (Nickels et al, 2013). In using McGregor’s Theory X the perception here is that people do not like to work and therefore will avoid it and must be policed in order to bring about the targeted outcomes. This is an unhealthy blend having to become a manager who retorts to the environment at Sun-2-Shade, things will only get worse and some may get fired or even quit. For me, this theory is not one I would consider if I am trying to get my employees to feel like they are part of the team. McGregor’s Theory Y, in operating this theory, I believe it can inspire people by allowing them to be creative, and willing to be more flexible if I make available to them the tools they need to carry out the solutions to bring a proper balance into the workforce at Sun-2-Shade, because it makes them feel as if they are in charge by giving them this responsibility. But in the end, I’m still held responsible making sure we are making the required and necessary changes so that the company is profitable in our end obligations; even at striving to make employees feel like they are part of the Sun-2-Shade team.