Book Analysis The End of Blackness by Debra. J Dickson Essay

Book Analysis The End of Blackness by Debra. J Dickson - Essay Example (Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe, 2004) The thought of darkness must be renovated if dark Americans are to face the future with certainty. For a really long time, the essayist contends, blacks have attempted to damage disgrace and get support from whites, when they should make progress toward dark greatness notwithstanding of white conclusion. In the event that you think you realize what comes after that a solicitation for blacks to drag themselves up by their boot-lashes and absolutely participate in standard American culture - you're correct, decently. Despite the fact that Debra Dickson offers accentuation to dark responsibility and intra-network dark invigorate, her undertaking isn't to eviscerate individual blacks for their alleged failings. Nor does she permit whites free. Their bigotry against blacks, she declare, has been characterized out of presence and repackaged so whites hold its advantages. It has experienced existential plastic medical procedure. Therefore, she finishes up, numerous whites accept that nonwhi tes reserve no option to scrutinize them since whites are prevalent and alone answerable for the accomplishment of America. (Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe, 2004) For pretty much anybody perceived with any sort of political belief system, Dickerson's examination is an acrid pill to swallow. Sad to report, the book beat out at simply that.

The End of the War is Just the Beginning Essay Example for Free

The End of the War is Just the Beginning Essay In the realm of verse, the most rousing points are regularly the most lamentable. War is one of those subjects that bring out a no-limit well of stories, suppositions, and feelings. Leningrad Cemetery, Winter of 1941 and Dulce et Decorum Est are two instances of sonnets revolved around fight with alternate points of view on war itself. In the sonnet Leningrad Cemetery, Winter of 1941, creator Sharon Olds gives a record of a visit to an internment site where several dead bodies lay, survivors of the attack on the city of Leningrad in World War II. The picture is additionally obscured by the way that since the ground is solidified, the bodies can't be covered. The general impact made by this sonnet is to show the ruthlessness of that time on and off the front line, just as to pass on the message that there is no avoiding reality: the world is certifiably not an ideal spot. The utilization of similitudes and comparisons, style, hints of words, and above all, the general tone imparts cruel subtleties. In spite of the fact that dispersed all through the work, these highlights are some of the time moved in explicit areas; my speculation is to make a more grounded impact as once huge mob. In spite of the fact that composed without verses, I could see this sonnet being partitioned into four separate parts. The initial segment fills in as a target perspective on the burial ground itself and depicting the picture before the speaker. The primary line That winter, the dead couldn't be covered (1) makes the kind of effect that Olds needed to have conveyed all through the entire sonnet. This undaunted portrayal of genuinely frightful scenes is the thing that makes this piece so ground-breaking. Perusers are given a picture of bodies lying exposed and afterward told that the caskets were scorched for kindling and that the undertakers too hungry to even consider working. This is, without a doubt, a distressing picture. At the point when I read the following area, the s sounds filled me with somewhat of a chill like I could feel the cold of the winter there. So they were secured with something what's more, taken on a childs sled to the burial ground in the below zero air. (5) This is a case of one of the numerous strategies utilized by the writer to additionally attract the peruser and make the sonnet a greater amount of an including experience and not simply a few words on a page. The following characterizing area accompanies the depiction of the cadavers themselves, however not in a the equivalent shocking point of interest filled route as would be suspected after what had been composed up until this point. In spite of the fact that the general portrayals are deplorable, they are covered by representations and metaphors managing positive messages trying to pull away from this dreary scene. Cadavers wrapped with dull material and rope are contrasted with a trees wad of roots/when it needs to planted(8) a picture regularly connected with the start of somethings life, not the end. The equivalent similar correlation is found in the following sentence when those wrapped with sheets are related with cases that will divide into halves/when the new life inside is readied (11). Another extremely uplifting point of view toward the present circumstance, yet in addition strange, particularly considering the lingual authority utilized later to portray the carcasses as, pa le, dressing, tightened shapes/solid (10). In any case, the work at that point takes a total turnaround and changes positions rapidly, taking the direct opposite of the past examinations by partner the bodies with lifeless things bare calves/hard as corded wood(14). Maybe the speaker is returning back to the truth of the current circumstance from the transitory break the speaker had quite recently made with his positive depictions and inferences to new life. The utilization of hints of words is utilized by and by, however with a sharp k sound to accentuate the brutality of the environmental factors. Be that as it may, most lay like cadavers, their covers coming fixed, exposed calves hard as corded wood spilling from under a shroud, a hand connecting (15) This unforgiving similar sounding word usage returns to and all the more intently tails one of the first inspirations of the sonnet, to stun and upset perusers. The last piece of this sonnet, definitely, holds its most remarkable picture and thus its most impressive message filling in as the best case of the pieces straight forward and contemplative tone. From under a shroud, a hand connecting with no indication of harmony, needing to return indeed, even to the bread made of paste and sawdust, indeed, even to the frosty winter, and the attack. (18) All through this work, there are various references to death and life, finishes and beginnings, however this is the main referencing of an aching to come back to life from death. It emphatically conveys the possibility that any kind of life that the peruser is driving, regardless of how awful, is a real existence in any case for which the individual ought to be thankful. Here these cadavers lay and would offer anything to be alive, regardless of whether it implied living in this horrendous spot under these awful conditions. Its superior to death. The utilization of general and formal highlights clarifies both the speakers disposition towards the scene at the burial ground just as makes a position on Grays speculations concerning the desire of the eye. The two for all intents and purposes cover in light of the fact that the objective of the work is to reproduce the scene that grabbed the speakers attention in any case. At that point hand-off it to the crowd and catch them with the desire of the idyllic ear. Stun and awe are common all through this piece, particularly at long last and seeing the outstretched hand. In spite of the fact that not the same as Grays all encompassing and unoriginal pictures of intensity and devastation, these shocking pictures summon a similar desire of the eye in the speaker and after survey them, he attempts to betray himself. By contrasting the pictures he sees with increasingly positive dreams he can identify with, for example, the butterfly cover and the trees roots, he feels progressively great, it quiets him. These thoughts are nevertheless passing, however, and he is taken back to understand that the world is not, at this point great. It is from his perspective and no more, and that is generally speaking message. There will never be a way out from reality. In the sonnet Dulce et Decorum Est, writer Wilfred Owen furnishes the peruser with one, however two altogether various perspectives on war, the two of which fluctuate significantly from Olds. Written in an as it happens type style, the piece portrays a gathering of troopers trapped in a mustard gas assault during World War I. Owen at that point shifts gears and portrays the result of the attack with a pessimistic view not clear in the primary portion of the sonnet. The reason and by and large impact of this sonnet is tell the peruser that the messages made by the media aren't right and that perishing for ones nation is definitely not a heavenly thing. This thought cannot be genuinely acknowledged except if one has glanced demise in the face by and by. The utilization of tone, symbolism, phrasing, and verses are essential in getting this point across and I have called attention to where and how they are used. The main thing that struck me about this sonnet was the effect made by the symbolism utilized by the creator. Like the Leningrad burial ground, this view it is incredible in scope; just filled more with activity and permits less time for reflection by the peruser. The primary scene is portrayed as a gathering of officers coming back from fight Bent twofold, similar to old bums under sacks,/Knock-kneed, hacking like witches, we reviled through the slime, (2) Moving as this picture seems to be, it is to some degree unexpected that the symbolism can be so amazing when you consider that because of the gas, the faculties of the speaker and his friends are basically inoperable. This some way or another improves what the peruser encounters. I state this provided that these troopers could take everything in, it wouldnt be any extraordinary astonishment for them since they were so desensitized to war, a recognizable idea felt in Olds sonnet. I regularly saw the speaker in the Leningrad graveyard as being somebody like a journalist or undertaker that no longer considers the to be as the really lay. He can just observe the pictures that the bodies help him to remember. Be that as it may, by depicting regularly inconsequential occasions of fight going on around those desensitized truly and intellectually, the crowd is given a more clear image of what the world they are living in resembles. Flushed with weariness; hard of hearing even to the hoots/Of baffling shells that fell behind (8). Bombs fall around them and they pay no notice. This obliviousness keeps going not for long however. Gas! Gas! Fast, young men! A happiness of bobbling/Fitting the ungainly protective caps in the nick of time (10). This astounding interposition of activity breaks the mood of the foundation clamor and the quiet comfort in which they walked. Imaginative and irregular lingual authority is answerable for making the absolute most significant explanations in this area considerably more perceptible. Not just for the scenes these words help to make, however to make the peruser stop and question their utilization. The utilization of the word joy to portray the mishandling of the gas cover grabbed my attention. Regardless of whether we should see this as funny or outright sad leaves the crowd unsure what to feel and in a manner briefly pulls the peruser away from the reality of the present circumstance. Be that as it may, somebody despite everything was hollering out and faltering/And flopping like a man in fire or lime (12). Held with a dread for his own life and the gravity existing apart from everything else, the speaker can sit idle however watch his companion guttering, gagging, suffocating (16). Another case of how the intensity of the lingual authority powers the fire of the feelings previously being felt by the peruser. Its after this point the speaker arrives at his limit and understands that things will never be the equivalent. The verses, which had been comparative long and for the most part objective, take an emotional turn in the last 50% of the sonnet. Subsequent to watching his friend kick the bucket, another verse begins just two lines long. As in the main sonnet, the last piece of the work takes a go to make an abrogating point with only one picture. In these sentences, the speaker quits thinking about the past and discusses the present. In everything I could ever want, before my defenseless sight/He plunges at me, guttering, choki

Distance and Displacement

Distance and Displacement Lets review a concept taught in the lowest levels of classical physics. You have an object and you move it. The length of the path you move it along is called the distance travelled. The difference between the intitial position of the object and its final position is called the displacement. One of the cool things about reality is that distance travelled and displacement are not always equivalent amounts. Sure, if you slide a book across a table, its displacement is equal to the distance it travels. But what if you throw a ball up into the air and catch it at the same place you released it? The ball travelled twice the length of its maximum height (minus its initial height, the distance from the ground to your hand when you released it), but its displacement is zero. Or, if we go back to the book example, what if I were to pick up that book and throw it against a wall, kick it into the ceiling, and fling it across the room several times before gently returning it to its original position on the table? Once again, that book travelled quite the distance, b ut its overall displacement? Zero. Lately Ive felt a lot like that latter book. The walk from my dorm to anywhere with food or classes is generally about 15-20 minutes. Every day, at least one hour out of the many that I am awake is spent going back and forth from the building in which I sleep at night. And I dont get much out of it. One hour spent and very little to show for it I always end up back where I started. (Maybe bike/skateboard/penny board/scooter/Heelys people cant relate.) Zero displacement, measurable distance travelled. Ive done a few psets so far. It always seems like theres at least one problem, usually in a little low-stakes class called 8.01 (Joonho and others should catch the sarcasm here), where I spend an embarrassing amount of time manipulating equations and substituting variables to find with a useless result. The shudder of despair that comes from realizing that yes, in fact, t does equal t, but that is not answering the question, is a feeling that I know all too well. Investing my precious t  into these problems only to find a nonresult is heartbreaking, to put it mildly. Ive worked around equations in loops that bring me back to where I started. Zero displacement. Picture a member of the class of 2020 walking around campus on a typical Saturday afternoon. Maybe shes named something like Abby H. and shes inclined to underestimate the variability in heights of steps and curbs. She trips while walking up some stairs and takes what may be a world record for the longest five-foot fall in human history, landing on her left palm and her cell phone, which heroically protects her right palm from the cruel concrete. On Sunday, she goes to get her phone screen fixed, leaving a trail of tiny glass shards behind her. Monday morning, she wakes up at 9:51 A.M., a situation you might try to avoid if you have a CC.5111* pset due at 10 A.M. During her brisk walk to the opposite side of campus, her right hand ejects the newly-repaired phone. Now the screen once more resembles reticulate venation in an oak leaf. Shes back where she started and took a long route to get there but still, zero displacement. And you know what I see when I look around? A whole lot of displaced books. Okay, not literally. I reference the first book example I used. I see classmates, peers, and strangers who look like theyve figured it out. They arent struggling with classes as much as I am, theyre already building their résumés up to levels impressive even by this schools standards, and theyve got happy social lives full of friends and mentors and plenty of time to eat three meals a day. From my perspective, theyve made it from point A to point B. My perspective is limited, however. I, like many people, tend to see the before and after but not the in-between. It is, after all, easiest to picture the path from A to B as a straight line. But straight lines rarely exist in nature (see above leaf). Theres no way I could possibly know what all a person does to achieve his or her level of success, and odds are the people who claim that MIT is a short-sleeved magician are either bluffing or just havent hit that critical point yet where they start realizing things (which is what 2016 is all about). The beauty of this place is that were all struggling together, and eventually (maybe?) well each find a trajectory that works out. We might not even end up at the points B we had in mind starting out, but we will find some point C that we can reach. In the meantime, Im trying to enjoy those aspects of my time here that dont make me question if a college education is really worth it (like this class that rhymes with hate no fun). This past fortnight (arent words neat?) Ive stayed up late enough to watch the sun rise, walked over the Harvard Bridge at least eight times, eaten four chocolate croissants, become a late-night biweekly radio DJ, donated blood, taken the T to Harvard solely to get fries from Tasty Burger, discovered that my short arms and lack of coordination are not conducive to my Q1 PE class (sabre fencing :-)), gotten rained on at FredFest, celebrated the first chilly night with an ice cream run with other members of F-entry in which it was finally cold enough for the ice cream not to have melted by the time we got back to MacGregor, and captured on a non-cracked iPhone camera what was perhaps the prettiest Boston sunset yet. Putting things into perspective, month #1 hasnt been half bad. Ill get back to you after my two exams this week. (Wish me luck.) *CC.5111 is the Concourse version of Intro to Chemistry/5.111. Concourse is a really cool freshman learning community that offers small class format versions of GIRs, among other humanities courses. #adMITted 2021s should really check it out next summer when advising applications come out.

Frida Kahlo A And Man Like Tendencies - 1230 Words

Frida Kahlo is a very interesting person whom has been through a lot in her short life. Though there is so much to say about the past of Frida Kahlo from her ghastly affair’s and man like tendencies. Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo was born on July 6, 1907 and lived in a house that her father built in Mexico City (Tuchman). Kahlo was a hard working woman but who had a horrible temper. When Kahlo was engaged with Rivera at the age of twenty-one, her father even gave a warning to Rivera. That Frida was â€Å"a devil† and Rivera replied â€Å"I know it (Tuchman).† Throughout Kahlo’s life time she only produced around two- hundred paintings. Her paintings were all relatively still portraits of herself and of friends and family. She was good at creating hunting, and sensual original paintings and that fuse the elements of surrealism (Tuchman). Her mother was of Indian and Spanish extraction from Mexico while her dad was the son of Hungarian Jews from the German town of Baden-Baden (Schirmer’s 10). At a young age Frida encountered a painful tragedy that changed her forever. At the age of six Frida had a short pain in her right leg, not knowing what it was she went to the doctor and was diagnosed with polio. Through, she was able to fight off this horrible disease, it left her left right leg skinny and weakened with no muscle. So for the rest of her life she had a limp. She reflected all of her pain and feelings through her art. There is one particular piece titled Girl with Death MaskShow MoreRelatedFrida Kahlo : The Only Thing I Know1375 Words   |  6 Pagespasses through my head without any other consideration. – Frida Kahlo Frida Kahlo is a very fascinating individual who has been through a lot in her short life. Though there is so much to say about the past of Frida Kahlo from her ghastly affair’s and man like tendencies, she was a very interesting women who was defiant and resilient in her own way. Even though in the Mexican heritage, women are looked down upon from the male prospective, Frida was way before her time. So much so that she is now usedRead MoreFrida Kahlo and Joy Hester Essays1733 Words   |  7 PagesFrida Kahlo and Joy Hester During the 1940s and 50s a emergence of strong female artistic influence can be seen using the examples of Joy Hester and Frida Kahlo. While Kahlo was recognised during her life as a brilliant independent artist for her ground-breakingly personal style, Hester was not. It was only after her death in 1960 that her art was truly celebrated in Australian exhibitions. Hester and Kahlo both attended art schools through the 1920s and 30s; because of this they share

A Personal Philosophy Of Education Essay - 1164 Words

A Personal Philosophy of Education Introduction â€Å"Being reflective involves thinking about what one is doing, and why, before, during, and after the act of doing it (Sweitzer, 2003 p.264). I believe self-knowledge of the professor is critical for meaningful learning to occur. Self-knowledge through reflection allows the professor to embrace teaching through the eyes of a scholar; thus providing a diverse learning environment supporting engagement and motivation of the learner. This paper describes a specific academia’s mission and vision and why it resonates with me. This paper also explores my personal philosophy of education, ascertaining the learning theory I identify with the most. Mission and Vision of Duke University School of Nursing The mission and vision of Duke University School of Nursing emphasizes educational excellence and academic innovation (Duke University School of Nursing, n.d.). I am impressed that Duke spoke to the calling of Advanced Practice Nurses to become transformative leaders during an era of health care reform. Duke’s mission values the expert clinician to prepare students to become skillful and competent future practitioners. However Duke’s mission also demands professional faculty to have pedagogical intelligence to establish programs that will produce such leaders. In addition, Duke envisions a student centered learning environment co-constructed by teachers and learners. Lastly, Duke envisions a learning environment that holdsShow MoreRelatedPersonal Education Philosophy : Personal Philosophy Of Educational Philosophy932 Words   |  4 PagesEducational Philosophy Remember: everyone in the classroom has a story that leads to misbehavior or defiance. 9 times out of 10, the story behind the misbehavior won’t make you angry. It will break your heart. - Annette Breaux My educational philosophy stems from the belief that all people are capable of learning and growing and that education is a powerful tool in helping students achieve both their personal and professional goals. I am also a firm believer in trauma-informed schools and educationRead MoreA Personal Philosophy Of Education869 Words   |  4 Pagesthe healthcare field continues to evolve so must the nursing education system. Personal Philosophy of Education A personal philosophy of education is important to all Nurse Educators. It allows for the Nurse Educator to truly take time to reflect and reconnect to themselves and their profession; highlighting what is central and sacred to them as an individual, a nurse, and an educator. I believe that my personal philosophy of education will continue to progress and change just as healthcare andRead MoreA Personal Philosophy of Education625 Words   |  2 Pages A personal philosophy of education serves to unify the experience of teaching for the individual. It provides our students with a professional that understands the context of learning from which their classroom stems. It also ensures a personal sense of growth: a lifelong process valued by the profession as a whole. I have combined beliefs from pedagogical, ethical and personally developed ideas I intend to use as a foundation in creating a nurturing classroom environment. Education couldRead MorePersonal Philosophy Of Education756 Words   |  4 Pagesselecting and implementing programs that will enhance my vision/goal of the organization. What drives me is my passion for education reform. Charter schools are public schools that managed by private institutions with the promise of improving academic results. Working in two different charter schools for the past 5 years gave a new perspective and experiences on education reform. I have seen many programs being implemented that are really awesome and others that fail. These events had a huge impactRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education997 Words   |  4 Pages Philosophy of Education Discovering the place where personal values and expertise meet organizational values and needs offers a dynamic partnership opportunity. Mutual achievement of organizational academic quality and professional fulfillment provides a positive learning environment. Developing a personal philosophy of education enables an educator to understand and communicate the underlying basis for his or her approach to education. Sharing this philosophy provides valuable information forRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1476 Words   |  6 Pages CLES 871 Foundations of Higher Education Summer 2015 Instructor: Joel Abaya, PhD Personal Philosophy of Education Submitted by: Wessam Elamawy . Personal Philosophy of Education Introduction: From the very beginning of my life I recognized the importance of higher education. I am 34 years old. I am Egyptian. I was born in a highly educated family . My father earned a Ph.D. in chemistry. My uncle earned a Ph.D. in Engineering . My aunt is a doctor. My grandparents wereRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy of Education958 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Education It is customary that on New Year’s Eve, we make New Year resolution. The fact is that we are making a set of guideline that we want to live by. These are motives that we seek to achieve. In a similar way, teachers live by philosophy. This essay focuses on my personal philosophy of education. It unfolds the function of philosophy in a teacher’s life, my view on the purpose of education, the student teacher- relationship and the philosophy which influences myRead MorePersonal Philosophy of Education Essay940 Words   |  4 Pagesmost important person in her classroom. Her encouraging words instilled a level of confidence within me that I still cling to and apply more than 40 years later. Her commitment is directly responsible for my personal philosophy of education also being commitment. Other philosophies of education like dedication, responsibility, diligence, honor, and respect, all fall under the umbrella of commitment. For it is impossible to be committed to something without also being dedicated to that same thing.Read MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1335 Words   |  6 Pages I tested into a progressivism teaching style in the â€Å"Finding Your Philosophy of Education Quiz.† While I enjoyed learning about the different philosophies and psychological influences of teaching, I prefer constructivism, social reconstruction, and progressivism due to their student-centered learning, hands-on or project based learning style, while making efforts to improve the world around them. I will be discussing why I chose progressivism, social reconstruction, and constructivism as my preferencesRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1244 Words   |  5 Pageswhat they deem best. In creating such a resource now, before diving into a classroom, a teacher can have time to develop and broaden their philosophy of teaching—be prepared before they take that fatal plunge. So, in order to be best prepared for my future endeavors as an educator, I believe it is in my best interest to lay out a personal philosophy of education—a lay out that will aid me in times of need and a way to gauge change, progress, and growth through my Simpson College career. In doing so

First modern solar cell Free Essays

The first modern solar cell In 1954, the first modern silicon cells raised by Bell Labs, then it shown at the National Academic of Science meeting. Moreover, this kind of cell can make 6 percent efficiency. Then, the New York Time come up with that the cell would lead to a source of â€Å"Limitless energy of the sun†. We will write a custom essay sample on First modern solar cell or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1955, the Western Electric created very significant solar cell technologies. The technology start to use in makes solar cells. In 1957, the ATT telecom company used the â€Å"solar battery’ for their cell phones. Hoffman Electronics created about 8 percent efficient solar cell. Thinking about investing in a solar array but concerned about the lifespan of photovoltaic cells? Consider this: the world’s oldest solar panel † a 60 year-old crystal ball-like contraption † still works. The panel was built by a British science teacher who wanted to prove the novel idea that sunlight could be converted into electricity. Of course, the panel doesn’t produce much electricity-Just 1. 5 volts of electricity in direct sunlight, or enough to power a digital watch. And while todays panels only need indirect sunlight to function, the 60 year-old version requires direct sunlight. Still, the selenium-based panel is surprisingly similar to current models. The half century-old device is the first example of a modern solar panel, but it isn’t the first piece of solar technology. That distinction goes to Charles Fritts, who built the first solar cell in 1883. Want to check out the panel for yourself? It’s currently on display at Antiques for Everyone, a British antique event. How to cite First modern solar cell, Papers

Psychology Right Brain, Left Brain The Article In Which I Chose To Exa

Psychology Right Brain, Left Brain The article in which I chose to examine is called Right Brain, Left Brain: Fact and Fiction, written by Jerre Levy. In the past fifteen years or so there has been a lot of talk of left brain and right brain people. Levy's reason for righting this article was clearly to stop the misconceptions and show the truth about how our brain hemispheres operate. Levy first explores the myth of the left brain and right brain theory. She states that generally people see the left hemisphere of the brain controlling logic and language and the right, creativity and intuition. In addition people differ in their styles of thought, depending on which half of the brain is dominant. She believes that most of what these notions state is farce. Next the article explores the history of this fascination of the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Apparently the study of this aspect of the brain traces back to time of Hippocrates. Levy weaves in and out of the various theories and prominent people known for contributing to the confusion. It wasn't until 1962 when Roger W. Sperry began experimenting on certain aspects of the brain that contribute to the truth of the left and right brain theory. Sperry studied people who had undergone surgical division of the corpus callosum, the bridge between the two hemispheres. His studies showed that, "an object placed in the right hand (left hemisphere) could be named readily, but one placed in the left hand (nonverbal right hemisphere) could be neither named nor described. Next to branch off of Sperry's studies was psychologist Doreen Kimura. Kimura developed behavioral methods which involved presenting visual stimuli rapidly to either the left or right visual fields. Another important method developed was "dichotic listening" which centered around the use of sound to study the hemispheres. Through these tests and the continual study the theory that the left brain controlled ended. Instead a new theory was b orn known as the two-brain theory. This said that at different times one of the two hemispheres would be operating. An example of this is that the right hemisphere is in control when an artist paints but the left hemisphere was in control when a novelist wrote a book. This theory failed because of one physical studies showed that people with hemispheres surgically disconnected could operate in everyday life. Also, research demonstrated that each hemisphere had its own functional expertise, and that the two halves were complementary. Next, the article states its worth. The author shows the up to date agreed upon theory of the two hemispheres in five simple points. 1. The two hemispheres are so similar that when they are disconnected by split-brain surgery, each can function remarkably well, although quite imperfectly 2. Although they are remarkably similar they are also different. The differences are seen in contrasting contributions. Each hemisphere contributes something to every action a person takes. 3. Logic is not confined to the left hemisphere. Although dominant in the left logic is present in the right hemisphere. 4. There is no evidence that either creativity or intuition is an exclusive property of the right hemisphere. Same theory as #3. 5. Since the two hemispheres do not function independently, and since each hemisphere contributes its special capacities to all cognitive activities, it is quite impossible to educate one hemisphere at a time in a normal brain. Levy comes to the conclusion that people are not purely left or right brained. There is a continuum in which the hemispheres work together in harmony. Often the left or right hemisphere is more active in some people but it is never the sole operator. She concludes, "We have a single brain that generates a single mental self." Compared to what we did in class related to the left and right hemispheres of the brain, both what we learned and the article taught were extremely similar. Our exerci se showed that we are not left or right brained but merely somewhere on the scale between left and right brain. Some of us were extreme left, few extreme right and most in the middle leaning left a bit (this is where I fell).

Free Essays on The Lion In Love

The Lion in Love is a fable about a lion that falls in love with a woodcutter’s daughter. The lion demanded the daughter in marriage but her father would not grant his request. The daughter was fearfully afraid of his claws and teeth, and after serious consideration, the fathers’ willingness to accept the Lion as a suitor of his daughter under one condition, that he would allow him to extract his defenses, such as his teeth, and cut off his claws. The lion assented to the fathers’ proposal. When the toothless and clawless lion returned to repeat his request to marry his daughter, the woodcutter, no longer fearing the lion, sat upon him with his club and drove him into the forest. This fable represents the good and evil in the world. The lion only wanting to marry his daughter out of love and father only wanting him to give up his defenses so he could never fear him again shows that out of something good comes evil. The morals of the story is to never resign to your own defenses; love can blind even the wildest; and an extravagant love consults neither life, fortune, nor reputation, but sacrifices all that can be dear to a man of sense and honor, to the transports of an inconsiderate passion. The ideology of this fable is that when you give up your defenses and who you are you lose a part of you. If you have to give up your dignity and honor of who you are for someone you love then you should not be with that person. I think in today’s society some people change who they are to make the person they want to be with happy. If it takes changing who you are to make someone else happy, I believe you don’t even need to be with that person. If a person is not happy with whom you are then they do not need to be with you. In this fable, the lion gives up his defenses in order to marry the woodcutter’s daughter, but in the end it never changed anything except the fact that he lost who he was, and yet he still did not... Free Essays on The Lion In Love Free Essays on The Lion In Love The Lion in Love is a fable about a lion that falls in love with a woodcutter’s daughter. The lion demanded the daughter in marriage but her father would not grant his request. The daughter was fearfully afraid of his claws and teeth, and after serious consideration, the fathers’ willingness to accept the Lion as a suitor of his daughter under one condition, that he would allow him to extract his defenses, such as his teeth, and cut off his claws. The lion assented to the fathers’ proposal. When the toothless and clawless lion returned to repeat his request to marry his daughter, the woodcutter, no longer fearing the lion, sat upon him with his club and drove him into the forest. This fable represents the good and evil in the world. The lion only wanting to marry his daughter out of love and father only wanting him to give up his defenses so he could never fear him again shows that out of something good comes evil. The morals of the story is to never resign to your own defenses; love can blind even the wildest; and an extravagant love consults neither life, fortune, nor reputation, but sacrifices all that can be dear to a man of sense and honor, to the transports of an inconsiderate passion. The ideology of this fable is that when you give up your defenses and who you are you lose a part of you. If you have to give up your dignity and honor of who you are for someone you love then you should not be with that person. I think in today’s society some people change who they are to make the person they want to be with happy. If it takes changing who you are to make someone else happy, I believe you don’t even need to be with that person. If a person is not happy with whom you are then they do not need to be with you. In this fable, the lion gives up his defenses in order to marry the woodcutter’s daughter, but in the end it never changed anything except the fact that he lost who he was, and yet he still did not...

Foundations of Grammar in Italian

Foundations of Grammar in Italian For many Italian language speakers- even for those whom Italian is their madrelingua- the phrase parti del discorso might seem foreign. English speakers know the concept as parts of speech, but its probably a term vaguely remembered from grade school grammar. A part of speech (whether Italian or English) is a linguistic category of words generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behavior of the lexical item in question. If that definition intrigues you, then an introduction to Italian linguistics might be a jumping off point. Suffice it to say that linguists have developed a classification system that groups specific types of words according to their roles. For anyone whose primary goal is to speak like an Italian, perhaps its enough to be able to identify each of the parti del discorso to facilitate learning the language. Per tradition, grammarians recognize nine parts of speech in Italian: sostantivo, verbo, aggettivo, articolo, avverbio, preposizione, pronome, congiunzione, and interiezione. Below is a description of each category with examples. Noun / Sostantivo A (sostantivo) indicates persons, animals, things, qualities, or phenomena. Things can also be concepts, ideas, feelings, and actions. A noun can be concrete (automobile, formaggio) or abstract (libert, politica, percezione). A noun can also be common (cane, scienza, fiume, amore), proper (Regina, Napoli, Italia, Arno), or collective (famiglia, classe, grappolo). Nouns such as purosangue, copriletto, and bassopiano are called compound nouns and are formed when combining two or more words. In Italian, the gender of a noun can be male or female. Foreign nouns, when used in Italian, usually keep the same gender as the language of origin. Verb / Verbo A verb (verbo) denotes action (portare, leggere), circumstance (decomporsi, scintillare), or state of being (esistere, vivere, stare). Adjective / Aggettivo An adjective (aggettivo) describes, modifies, or qualifies a noun: la casa bianca, il ponte vecchio, la ragazza americana, il bello zio. In Italian, there are several classes of adjectives, including: demonstrative adjectives (aggettivi dimostrativi), possessive adjectives (aggettivi possessivi), (aggettivi indefiniti), numerical adjectives (aggettivi numerali), and degree of comparison adjectives (gradi dellaggettivo). Article / Articolo An article (articolo) is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the gender and number of that noun. A distinction is usually made between definite articles (articoli determinativi), indefinite articles (articoli indeterminativi), and partitive articles (articoli partitivi). Adverb / Avverbio An adverb (avverbio) is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverb types include manner (meravigliosamente, disastrosamente), time (ancora, sempre, ieri), (laggià ¹, fuori, intorno), quantity (molto, niente, parecchio), frequency (raramente, regolarmente), judgment (certamente, neanche, eventualmente), and (perchà ©?, dove?). Preposition / Preposizione A preposition (preposizione) connects nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence. Examples include di, , da, , con, su, per, and tra. Pronoun / Pronome A (pronome) is a word that refers to or substitutes for a noun. There are several types of pronouns, including personal subject pronouns (pronomi personali soggetto), direct object pronouns (pronomi diretti), indirect object pronouns (pronomi indiretti), reflexive pronouns (pronomi riflessivi), possessive pronouns (pronomi possessivi), (pronomi interrogativi), demonstrative pronouns (pronomi dimostrativi), and the particle ne (particella ne). Conjunction / Congiunzione A conjunction (congiunzione) is the part of speech that joins two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together, such as: quando, sebbene, anche se, and nonostante. Italian conjunctions can be separated into two classes: coordinating conjunctions (congiunzioni coordinative) and subordinating conjunctions (congiunzioni subordinative). Interjection / Interiezione An interjection (interiezione) is an exclamation that expresses an improvisational emotional state: ah! eh! ahimà ¨! boh! coraggio! bravo! There are many types of interjections based on their form and function.

Supply Chain Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supply Chain Management - Assignment Example This can be especially problematic in inventory situations where both SCM and CRM could be used. One of the most important issues when trying to integrate these two types of systems is training users on all levels and having active trouble-shooting response teams. Many users may have to be familiar with both types of systems, and it is thus important that a business train every user with where Supply Chain Management systems should be used versus where Customer Relations Management systems should be used. This can even mean instructing employees to completely ignore part of the functionality of one of the systems, to ensure the same type of activity is not being divided between them. This will help avoid situations where employees sidestep Customer Relations Management systems out of sheer confusion, which costs businesses astounding amounts of money in losses of efficiency and in wasted investment in CRM implementation (Dickie). Works Cited Dickie, Jim. "Demystifying CRM Adoption Ra tes - CRM Magazine."Â  Destination CRM. July 2006.

What Industry did to Develop Japan to be a strong nation Research Paper

What Industry did to Develop Japan to be a strong nation - Research Paper Example Several politicians and political scientists have a diverging opinion and consider that the progress of Japan under this system is just a mere example of exception (Sakoh, 521-548). In this report a discussion will be presented based on the industrial contributions which led to the development of Japan. The development within the society relies heavily on the understanding of scope and goals set by the economy to be achieved. This requires contribution and raising the standards of learning. Other than this offering employment to all and reducing the elements of obesity are essential measures for improving the overall economy. Adapting to various technological advancements and inventions leads to the progress and development of the overall economy. For the economic development the countries need to form strategies which promote knowledge sharing, technological advancement and growth within the economic realm. The economies must emphasize on the strategies which are based on the selection of long term goals and trends. Other than this the industries must also rely heavily on implementing innovative ideas. Development strategies and global recognition are the forms using which the economy can lay its foundation towards the path of economic growth. Creation, acquisition and use of knowledge are the tools using which the countries can develop and progress. The methods of competition within the economy and globally have changed and hence require continuous improvement of all the aspects which lead to the development of the society (Dahlman, 29-63). The Japanese society promotes education and learning as an essential component of the culture. Developing the human resource and providing the skill which nominate growth and development are essential for the progress of the society. The collective survival mechanism based on co-operation between the human workforce leads to the collective growth (OECD, 137-152). The key factors

Analysis of Dubais Economy

Analysis of Dubais Economy Dubais Financial Crisis: Dubai is usually characterized by sky piercing towers, rotating buildings, spectacular architectural designs, flow of petro-dollars which refers to the income coming from exporting oil and its products to other countries, broad and clean road networks, etc. It represents a face of modernization and advancement and has earned a place amongst one of the most technically advanced countries in the world. This rapid development of the country was a result of the focus of the government on tourism thus promoting the real estate sector with the help of revenues coming from export of oil and natural gas. With the largest real estate company of Dubai Emaar properties becoming bankrupt in the United States and vaDubai proposal to delay the repayment of all its debts for a period of 6 months on November 26, 2009 the financial crisis in Dubai was exposed in front of the world which had bad effects on countries around the world. The debts were as large as $59 billion causing a stop to the investm ent cycle of Dubai for 6 months. The Dubais real estate industry was based on huge loans which they expected to pay through the revenues they earn from them but with recession hitting the industry badly their plans failed. Thus the Dubais financial crisis to a large extent can be said to be a consequence of real estate bubble burst in Dubai. Dubais Economy: Before getting to the financial crisis it is important to know the structure of the Dubais economy which is one of the most unique and unusual in the world. It is divided into free zones setup by the government of Dubai. The zones are industry specific with Jebel Ali free zone being the fastest growing in the world. The Jebel Ali free zone offers a set of products and services such as: ready to use offices, Business centers, factories, Warehouses, infrastructure ready plots etc. Jebel Ali free zone commonly referred to as Jafza is a part of Dubai based; a state owned Economic Zones World. It is one of the worlds biggest developers of Economic Zones, Logistics and Research and development driven Industrial Parks. The main free zones of Dubai are Jebel Ali free zone, Dubai Internet City, Dubai Media City, and Dubai Maritime City which are based on the industries they are related with. People have false misconception about Dubais economy they believe that its mainly driven by oil and gas although the oil sector comprises of less than 6% economy of Dubai that was primarily dependent on oil as a main source of revenue in the past. Dubai being a part of the United Arab Emirates is expected to be great producer of oil, petroleum and natural gas although it is a good producer but compared to other countries of the United Arab Emirates it produces relatively lesser quantities of oil. Dubai produces 240,000 barrels of oil per day and its revenues from natural gas constitute only 2% of the total revenue that United Arab Emirates gets from natural gas. Although it is true that Dubais economy was initially build on the revenues generated by its reserves of oil and natural gas but with time its oil reserves have reduced significantly as a result of a large increase in the demand for oil and oil products around the world and over the years and Dubai exporting a great amount of oil to other countries it is expected that Dubais reserves of oil will get exhausted in the next 20 years and so it has concentrated on the tourism industry to generate good revenues at that time. (Dubai hit hard) Another large contributing sector of Dubais economy is the real estate which forms 22.6% of the economy of Dubai. The great success of this industry is owed to the focus on tourism. Over the years the government of Dubai has concentrated largely on tourism they have invested large capitals in order to promote their tourism in the process they have built sky scrapers, clean and well knit network of roads. The government has focused on providing world class facilities in Dubai in the process creating architectural designs and buildings which attracts tourists from all around the world. As the real estate industry is closely related to the tourism industry it has developed as a major industry in Dubai and contributes greatly to its economy. According to a survey in 2007 the largest contributing sectors for the Dubais economy other than oil were real estate and construction, trade and financial services which contribute 22.6%, 16% and 11% respectively to the Dubais economy. From the facts mentioned above it can be ascertained that there has been a shift in Dubais economy from being solely dependent on oil to development of other sectors by using the large amounts of money coming from the oil to development of other sectors like tourism but it has been stuck badly due to fall in prices of buildings and as most of them were based on loans vaDubai formally announced that the biggest of its real estate companies would not be able to repay their debts for a period of at least six months leading to the financial crisis. The Policy of diversifying to Real Estate: The funds had always been flowing into Dubai due to its large reserves of oil that it posses and initially the whole economy of Dubai was dependent mainly on income coming from oil and natural gas but there has been a shift as the Dubai government now aims at making the tourism industry the biggest industry of Dubai and has invested a huge capital in developing this industry. In the year 2000 the establishment of Dubai Financial Market (DFM) as a secondary market for trading of trading securities and bonds both locally and globally was major step in diversifying Dubais economy. The establishment of Dubai Financial market was a part of the governments plan to diversify Dubais economy from a trade based economy to the one which is tourism and service oriented made real estate more valuable in Dubai. The inclination of the government towards tourism did turn out to be a promoter for the real estate and construction industry and the real estate industry grew at a rapid pace in Dubai becoming one of the largest industries in Dubai. As a result of the governments promotion to tourism Dubai witnessed a real estate boom which resulted in appreciation of property prices in Dubai from 2004-2006. These policies transformed Dubai into a center for large scale real estate development projects and made it a home for many large projects and tallest skyscrapers of the world which are now amongst famous buildings of the world. The results of these policies are visible through buildings like the Burj Dubai, the Palm Islands, the Emirates Towers, and the worlds most expensive hotel, the Burj Al Arab which reflect the rapid development and the great advancement of the real estate and construction industry in Dubai making it a world class tourist destination. All the results of these policies led to a great change in Dubais landscape which also led to a great amount of foreign investments in Dubai as Dubai became a great destination for investors around the world. For many years Dubai has given great returns to investors around the world with an aggregate of approximately more than 40% per annum which has attracted clients from around the world trying to get the investment ladder ready but during the last few months being hit badly by recession these profits have turned into losses with a depreciation in property prices creating a situation of financial crisis in Dubai. Although Dubai has given great returns in the past but the ugly face of the Dubai model that it was based on speculation and debt that was somewhere in the breakneck boom in Dubai and with the prices of buildings falling in the recent past this face was exposed as the largest real estate companies were not able to repay their debts that were due till December 2009 and the government asked the investment companies delay the collection of all their funds for at least a period of 6 months which hit badly the finance industry of Dubai which is one of the major industries of Dubai. The Dubai World: The Dubai world which is an investment company acts as a regulatory company in Dubai. It manages a portfolio of businesses projects for the Dubai government. It functions across a wide range of industries and projects which promote Dubai as a hub for trading and commerce. Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem is the chairman of the company. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister and Vice President of the United Arab Emirates is the major stake holder of the company. The company was established by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum under a decree ratified on March 2nd 2006 with an aim to regulate and promote trade in Dubai. The stature of Dubai world is quite large in the global market and it has large investments not only within Dubai but also in countries around the world. Some of its major investments range from MGM Mirage Las Vegas Casino Company to Standard Chartered Plc a London-traded bank and luxury retailer Barneys New York through asset management firm named Istithmar PJSC. The Initial success of Dubai in the Period of global financial Crisis In the early period of global financial system Dubais financial structure, dynamic construction and tourism industries and relished tax free incentives seemed to be a great advantage for it and many people even expected it to remain free from any sort of recession. A major factor that created this illusion in the minds of people was the continuance of investment activities and construction at a feverish pace even when there was a lack of capital in all other parts of the world and no other country was even thinking of such investments Dubai announced to construct a new tallest building of the world just after Lehman Brothers collapsed in the United States. All these steps along with the booming infrastructure of Dubai attracted many investors from around the world who thought of Dubai as a good prospect for investment and expected good returns from it. Dubai has built one of the finest infrastructures of the world and it is quite natural for investors to be attracted towards such a p lace which lead to the initial success of Dubai in a period when the world was facing recession and lacking investments but its overdependence on debts caused the financial crisis. Seeds of trouble The global financial crisis during 2008-09 resulted in major downfall of Dubais real estate market. It led to slow down of the economy of Dubai. The economic revenue generated was not coming as efficient as before which greatly hindered Dubais growth and as most of its plans were based on money borrowed by investment companies and there were no plans to face any downturns in the economy it became difficult for them to repay that loan. As the main aim of Dubais economy was the tourism industry a slump in the global markets was always bound to affect the economy of Dubai. At the international press council conducted by Mohammed al Abbar, senior enough to abide Dubais Ruler and UAEs Vice President or Prime Minister. He was placed at the designation of the Director General of Dubais Department for Economic Development and also as a chairman for Emaar properties the largest real estate company in December 2008 declared the credits that Emaar enterprise had which had an adverse effect on the economy as a whole. Emaar Enterprise had credits for over 70 billion US Dollars. In addition to it they also had additional 10 billion US Dollars in Dubai with holdings estimated above 350 billion as a real estate asset. Earlier in 2009, situation was worse due to the global economic crisis, heavy tolls on employment, property values, constructions, etc. also added into it and resulted in the decrease in costs of these prices due to slow down in the world markets also hit the real estate sector of Dubai which was expecting a rapid development in order to repay all its debts in stipulated time. This not only hit the real estate industry of Dubai but also the finance industries which financed most of the projects of construction. In Feb 2009, the estimated foreign debt for Dubai was approximated at 100 billion US Dollars. It leads 250,000 United Arab Emirates national to be responsible for more than 400,000 US Dollars of foreign debts which is a very large amount although Dubai had been hit by a financial crisis in the past also. In the year 1999 Dubai was hit by a similar crisis but at that time the debts were much less than the amounts this time and at that time Abu Dhabi supported it but the amounts are very high this time as the main focus of Dubai government in the recent past has been tourism industry and the real estate is closely related to it. The assessment of Dubai market of property has shown a lot of depreciation or decrement. The property loss was more than 65% of their values since 2001 till November 2008 which has been one of the main causes of the financial crisis as the property market was expecting an increase in prices but the decrease proved to be fatal for it. The construction companies were expecting a rapid increase in the property prices and were expecting to repay their debts using the incomes created from it but that did not happen and lead to the financial crisis In addition to all these failures in key businesses, consumer satisfaction, wealth etc. is estimated to be in trillions of US Dollars. The financial commitments incurred by governments proved a fatal loss in economic activity. The Burst of Bubble Dubai which is governed by Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum borrowed approx 80 billion US Dollars in a period of 4 years of construction for booming the construction market of economy of regional tourism as their main focus was on tourism as they expect that it would lead to a concrete source of income for them even when their oil reserves get exhausted. Emirates suffered a huge loss in the worlds steepest property slump as a result of global recession. The home prices dropped by 50 percent from their value in 2008 leaving Dubai in a situation where they were not able to generate adequate money in order to repay the debts that they had taken in order to promote the real estate industry. Dubai had 59 billion US Dollars of liabilities in agreement to the standstill of creditors. The debt included more than 3.5 billion dollars of bonds dated December 14. This property unit is from Nakheel PJSC a firm from Dubai. Analyst said that the prime reason for the financial crisis in Dubai was the mismanagement or the wrong decision of Sheikh Mohammed. He invested all his as well as the Dubai government wealth in the real estate market in United State and had no plans to deal with any kinds of shocks faced in their road to success such as recession. He thought that Dubai would never be stuck with any sort of recession which was a result of lack of adequate planning for bad phases during their journey. The foreign investment of Emaar claimed to be the second largest builders in United States. They ultimately went bankrupt because of the recession and/or filed for chapter 11, which allows reorganization of a company under the laws of bankruptcy for United States. United States bankruptcy code permits the reorganization of any of the company under the bankruptcy laws of United States of America. Dubai shifted to their crisis mode with their large and dangerous building boom. Their lending bonanza soon vanished due to the crisis. Government and banks took huge steps to provide some backup to the organization and to rescue the falling organization. The bankruptcy of Emaar properties was a big shock for people around the world and even bigger for the people in Dubai as it acted as a hint of the financial crisis that had begun in Dubai which was considered to be one of the flourishing economies of the world. Announcement and the impact of official moratorium: Dated: 25 November, 2009, the final announcement came in by the government of Dubai. They announced that the company intends to ask all its providers for financing to Dubai World, its subsidiary Nakheel to remain standstill and extend the maturities until at least the date 30 May 2010. This announcement meant a great decrease in the inflow of money for all the financial companies who had invested in various projects in Dubai and also sent a bad message to the world which had come to know that Dubai was in a financial crisis. Several months before the announcement Dubai world accounted for $59-billion debt which accounted for nearly three fourth of the emirates total debt of US$80-billion. These debts also included a $3.5-billion debt which the company was unable to pay by its December deadline. This announcement not only led to a degradation of Dubais goodwill among investment companies but also had a bad impact on the global markets which were recovering from the impacts of recessio n, the announcement in a way pushed the recovering markets back when they had started growing. The impact was very severe as it degraded the investment status of Dubai amongst various investment companies. The governments announcement led both Standard Poors Investors Services and Moodys who were the key investors of Dubai heavily downgraded the debt of various Dubai government-related entities with interests in commercial operations, utilities, property, and commodities trading which meant that it became harder for companies to get money for their projects. For Moody, the downgrade meant that the affected agencies would lose their investment grade status which would help Moody to make it very difficult for them to get the money required for their businesses. The effect was not only internal its impact was felt by all major markets of the world who experienced a drop in their stock indices. The main European markets shattered on November 26 followed by huge drops in Asian stocks on November 27 creating a bad impact on these markets that were recovering from the shocks of recession. Possibilities of Recovery: Although Dubai is presently suffering with a financial crisis there are still possibilities that it will recover from this crisis. Abu Dhabi the capital of the United Arab Emirates which is also the richest country of the United Arab Emirates is the brightest ray of hope for Dubai. Dubai has already asked Abu Dhabi to bail it out of the crisis. The hope even increases as Abu Dhabi has helped Dubai in the past when Dubai was in Crisis although the demand is much higher than the past. Abu Dhabi has helped Dubai with an amount of $10 billion in order to bail out the Dubai world. A recent report by HSBC which says that Abu Dhabi has the cash liquidity to support its own companies and banks is even more positive response as Dubais point of view. Thus Abu Dhabi may use some of this liquidity to bail out Dubai from this phase of crisis. With the U.A.E central bank showing positive signs by confirming that its board has discussed plans for supporting real estate business by lending Dubai as well as remaining United Arab Emirates has increased the probabilities of recovery for Dubai to a great extent. Impact on Indian Economy: Indian banks have communicated to the Reserve Bank of India that their sheets show insignificant investments in Dubai as compared to their revenues generated. The main investments are those of State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda and ICICI combined together denote investments of around Rs 7000 crores with SBI having Rs 1500 crore in the combined charts. However Bank of Barodas spreadsheet has Rs 4000 crore invested in UAE with only Rs 600 crores in real estate markets and has no negative impact on the health of the bank. However the professional front may face losses as Indians constitute 40% of the population of Dubai and are all in the business or service sector and so it may affect the remittances to India could decline provided the company is able to work out a bailout from this scenario. UAE has not been a significant source of investment in the Indian portfolio however the crises as already stated will affect the remittances or permanent transference of money to the relatives of Indians settled in Dubai was an important component of Indian Economy as in the first quarter of fiscal year 2010 as it formed 45% of the invisibles. But the crises have created intense pressure on employment thereby reducing the invisibles coming to the country. Dubai Worlds subsidiary DP World has investments in the Indian sea ports and planned investments of $ 500 million can hamper Indias water strength. Dubai crises and Indian exports are closely linked and reached a massive 13% in the fiscal of 2010 as is shown in the graph below. These figures give an estimate of how the exports could falter the critical situation and hamper the export market. Indian real estate developers who had ventured into Dubai like Nagarjuna Constructions, BSEL Infra, Larsen and Toubro etc References Dubai Crisis 2009. (n.d.), Retrieved on March 15, 2010 from http://www.gktoday.in/2009/11/what-is-dubai-crisis-2009.html Dubai Economic Crisis. (n.d.), Retrieved on March 15, 2010 from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23974903/Dubai-Economic-Crisis-And-Its-Impacts-On-India Dubai hit hard. (n.d.), Retrieved on March 15, 2010 from http://www.globalcrisisnews.com/real-estate/dubai-hit-hard-by-financial-crisis/id=625/

Priority Sector Lending in India

Definition and more details5 Priority sector: A need5 Priority Sector Target: Financial Reforms Effect6 Effect of reforms on priority sector lending:6 Priority Sector: Specific sector guidelines8 Agriculture8 Small enterprises8 Weaker section:9 Other sectors9 Priority Sector: present status10 Participating Entities : Targets to be met10 Participating Entities : How much is achieved11 Public Sector banks11 Private Sector banks11 Foreign banks12 Participating Entities : penalties in case of failure in achieving the target12 Priority Sector : Advantages12Priority Sector : Major Issues13 Strategies Ahead13 Exhibits15 References18 INTRODUCTION Priority sector bank lending was mainly started by the government to reach the unbanked areas through regular banks which were till that time not much willing to go to rural and undeveloped areas. It was one most important tool in our financial policy to compel banks to increase their loanable customers. Before independence, banks were mostly privat ely owned and they used to lend only to the sectors in which they were assured of returns.According to the reports from 1940s, 79% of bank finances were made available to industry and commerce. Of that amount too, around 32% went to large industries of jute, cotton and sugar mills. When looking at the less rosy picture, the advances to agriculture sector stood a meager 4%. Post independence, according to RBI survey of 1954, in 1951-52, of all credit disbursal by credit agencies to cultivators, only 7. 3 % was from institutional credit agencies. Of this small contribution, the part of banks was only 0. 9%. Rest was given by government and cooperative agencies.From this statistics, it is clear that the rest of the credit was availed by the cultivators from non-institutional credit agencies. When the interest rates charged by these agencies was checked, they were found to be usuriously high with professional moneylenders charging 41. 9% interest rate while agricultural moneylenders cha rged 23. 9% interest rate which was 5-6 times more than the normal bank rate. It shows that if a farmer is getting loan at this interest rate, chances are more that he will never be able to repay it fully and fall in the vicious circle of loans.By getting working capital at such high interest rates, it was equally difficult to breakeven. So, agriculture and small and medium enterprises were in deep need for credit at easy terms. PRIORITY SECTOR DEFINITION AND MORE DETAILS Priority sector and its coverage area kept changing all through these years, mostly due to economic and political pressures. Although its definition can be divided in two parts i. e. pre-reform and post reform period.Pre reform period definition: â€Å"It included agriculture, Small scale industry (including setting up of industrial estates), small road and water transport operators, small business, retail trade, professional and self employed persons, state sponsored organizations for SC/STs, educational loans gr anted to individuals by banks under schemes, Credit schemes for weaker sections and refinance by sponsor banks to Regional Rural Banks. † About the post reform definition we will talk later in details when dealing in the section about priority sector guidelines. PRIORITY SECTOR: A NEED Population support and employment generation: According to the definition of priority sector it covers about 70% of India’s population by rough estimates. So, by making it mandatory for the banks to lend to priority sector, government is actually trying to cover a big part of population. Priority sector mostly includes agriculture and allied sector which employs largest number of people in our country. †¢Freedom from non-institutional credit: The priority sector cut out by government was mostly the one which was earlier taking loans from non-institutional sources and was always indebted because of usurious rates of interest.By creating priority sector lending, it was tried to make in stitutional credit available to a bigger section, at affordable interest rates. †¢Willingness of banks: Most of the banks were not willing to lend to this sector because of the risk involved here as well as more paperwork required to lend smaller loans to large number of people. They were happy lending to urban sector which was more reliable and trustworthy. They preferred lending to industry, commerce, trade and securities as their traditional loanees and who were supposed to default less. Location of banks: Banks were earlier situated mostly in urban area where the business was and so, it was geographically also difficult for them to lend to rural and backward areas where there was no banking network earlier. It was difficult to know about the credit history of borrower and the potential ability of loaned to repay the loan as well as potential of the project for which loan was to be given. So, they were skeptical about loaning to those sectors. †¢Institutional credit: By allowing priority sector credit to flow, RBI and government actually allowed large amount of institutional credit to flow in this area.So, as it became mandatory for the banks to complete certain target for priority sector, they started searching for viable projects and loaners who can successfully repay the loan. For this to happen branches were opened in rural areas and people were encouraged to take loan from banks. Many people availed loan under priority sector lending and got involved in successful enterprises. PRIORITY SECTOR: FINANCIAL REFORMS EFFECT After financial sector reforms, priority sector lending underwent lots of change.As earlier, it was only focused towards weaker and rural section of society but afterwards it included many new sectors as well as the definition of earlier sectors was widened to include more areas in them: Priority sector targets are: Table 1: Priority Sector Targets to be achieved by Banks Before 1991 After 1991 Total priority sector credit 40% o f net bank credit 40% of net bank credit Agricultural credit 18% of net bank credit 18% of net bank credit Weaker section credit 10% of net bank credit 10% of net bank credit Export credit – 12% of net bank credit for foreign banks SSI credit – 10% of net credit for foreign banksSource: Reserve Bank of India Banking norms EFFECT OF REFORMS ON PRIORITY SECTOR LENDING: A chorological sequence of changes in priority sector lending policy is given below which show how the definition of priority sector has changed in all these years: 1. 1992-1993: In the light of reforms, and many new industries coming up in all sectors, government and RBI decided to help out industry with credit facilities and asked banks to fulfill demand of small scale industries upto Rs. 100 lakh limit for setting institutional framework to rejuvenate potentially viable small scale industry units. . 1993-1994: The overall target of net bank credit to be given for priority sector remained unchanged but t he direct and indirect target for lending to agricultural sector was clubbed together to make a sub target of 18% for agricultural lending. But, in this system also, the indirect lending was not supposed to extend one-fourth of the total sub target. Lending above this in indirect lending, was not to be considered in priority sector lending. At least 40% of total credit was supposed to go to small scale and khadi and village industries within limit of Rs. 5 lakh.Foreign banks were asked to revise their priority sector advance target from 10% to 32%. Two more sectors were included in that i. e. advances to small-scale industries and export sector were made with each being 10%. 3. 1995-1996: In case of any shortfall in PSL (agricultural sector), banks were required to contribute to Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), which was set up under NABARD, the maximum of which was 1. 5 % of bank’s net credit. Shortfall in case of other areas, they were required to provide Rs. 1 000 crores for financing in Khadi and Village Industries Commision (KVIC).All the refinances which was done to RRBs by the banks was now to be considered under priority sector lending. 4. 1996-1997: In this year Union Budget provided Rs. 2500 crore for RIDF fund. Export credit target increased from 10% to 12% in this year. Credit advanced to priority sector increased this year very much. From the last year numbers, it increased from 30. 37% of net bank credit to 32. 4%. 5. 1997-1998: The scope of priority sector lending was increased for road and water transport operators, with number of eligible vehicles increasing from ‘not more than six’ to ‘not more than ten’.The credit limit for housing in rural and urban areas also increased upto Rs. 5 lakh. 6. 1998-1999: In this year, the interest rate subsidy for loan in PSL was taken away on the argument that now priority sector lending is also commercially viable for banks. Banks were also given the option to inve st the PSL shortfall by lending to NABARD/SIDBI, so the restriction of not lending to profitable sector was slowly being taken away. 7. 1999-00: Banks were asked to lend to NBFCs and MFIs under priority sector, to enable them to lend to rural and weaker section.INSTITUTIONAL AND NON-INSTITUTIONAL CREDIT IN INDIA Before independence, the credit which was available to farmers was just non-institutional credit or in other words private money lenders. But, after independence, government took major steps to uproot this problem which was eating up the poor population and was hampering with the country’s economic growth. In 1951, institutional credit accounted to 92. 7% of the total credit availed (Refer Graph-1) where as all these reforms positively impacted the credit scenario in India making the Non-institutional credit accounted to be 38. % in the year 2002. Graph 1: Trend of Institutional and Non-institutional credit in India PRIORITY SECTOR: SPECIFIC SECTOR GUIDELINES AGRICULT URE 1. Direct finance: Finance given to individual farmers (including SHG & JLG) for agricultural and allied activities are included under this sector. This includes short-term loans for raising crops, advances upto 10 lakh against pledge of agricultural produce for maximum 12 months period, working capital and term loans, for purchase of land, to indebted distressed farmers, for pre and post harvest activities.Loans given to partnerships, corporate and institutions for agricultural activities, and upto 1 crore for most of the activities mentioned above also come under direct finance. 2. Indirect finance: It covers vast range i. e. corporate, Primary agricultural Credit societies, Farmers service societies, Large sized Adivasi Multi Purpose Societies, cooperative societies, and for the construction of warehouse, agricultural input dealers, arthias, NCDC, NBFCs, NGOs, MFIs, RRBs and overdraft upto 25000 for no-frills account in rural and semi-urban areas. SMALL ENTERPRISES 1. Direct finance: a.For manufacturing enterprises, for small enterprises the upper cap for taking loans is less than 5 crores, while for micro enterprises it is upto 25 lakh only. b. For service enterprises, for small enterprises it is upto 2 lakh, while for micro enterprises it is only 10 lakh. c. For khadi and village industries it is upto 60% of small enterprise segment. 2. Indirect finance: a. It is made available for the person involved in marketing activities of artisans, village and cottage industries. b. Under this Loans made by NABARD, SIDBI and commercial banks to NBFCs and cooperatives involved in this sector also come.WEAKER SECTION: In weaker section, small and marginal farmers with less than 5 acres land holding, landless labourers, artisans, village and cootage industries, beneficiaries of SGSY, SC, ST, DRI, SJSRY, SLRS, self help groups, distressed poor, minority communities etc are included. They are given loans under priority sector loans. OTHER SECTORS Retail trade : Retai lers involved in essential commodities, consumer co-operative stores, private retail traders, upto the limit of Rs. 20 lakh. Micro-credit : For poor indebted borrower of non-institutional credit, it is given against collateral or group security.The upper limit for it is upto Rs. 50000 per borrower. State sponsored organization: It is for scheduled castes/tribes for extending credit for purchase of input or for marketing of output. Education: Within India the maximum cap for education loan granted is 10 lakh, while outside India it is 20 lakh. It is applicable for individuals as well as NBFCs. Housing: a. For purchase and construction of houses, the maximum loan allowed is 20 lakh. b. For repair of houses, the maximum loan allowed is 1 lakh in rural India and 2 lakh in urban areas. c.For government agencies for construction of dwelling units, or for slum dwellers, upto a maximum of Rs. 5 lakh is allowed. PRIORITY SECTOR: PRESENT STATUS PARTICIPATING ENTITIES: TARGETS TO BE MET The Re serve Bank of India from time to time has issued a number of guidelines/instructions/directives to banks in lending credit to Priority sector. In priority sector various banks that are involved are- public and private sector bank under domestic banks and foreign banks. There are separate targets to be met for all the banks which are set by the RBI.RBI issues a master circular containing all the guidelines for incorporation of priority sector lending. If the targets are not met, then various penalties are to be borne by them. The targets set for the domestic and foreign banks working in India are already mentioned before in Table-1. The total advances that a domestic bank has to offer for the priority sector is 40% where as for foreign banks working in India is 32 %. These advances are further bifurcated into the advances provided to agricultural sector, small scale industries (SSI), export credit and weaker sections.However, domestic banks don’t have to contribute to SSI and foreign banks don’t have to contribute to agricultural advances and weaker sections. Over the years, the advances provided to this sector are increasing in gross value and some other sectors like education, housing, retail trade which were not the part of this sector previously were also included. The trend observed during the last three years is explained in the graph provided below. In the year 2006, the advances offered by the public sector banks were Rs. 409. 745 thousand crores where as private sector provided Rs. 06. 556 thousand crores. Then in year 2008, these advances increased to Rs. 605. 965 thousand crores and Rs. 165. 225 thousand crores by public and private sector bank respectively. This marked a growth rate of 48% in public sector and 53. 5 % in private sector.Source: Reserve Bank of India- Trend and Progress of Indian Banking 2008-09 The share of various sectors i. e. agriculture, SSI, education, housing have also registered a change as shown in the figure gi ven below. The share of advances provided to agriculture sector is more or less same where as the dvances provided to SSI has been replaced by small enterprises, housing and education where housing accounted for 30% of the advances and education accounted for 25% of the advances. Source: Reserve Bank of India- Trend and Progress of Indian Banking 2008-09 The rationale of including these sectors was to provide the holistic development to the poor people. It was understood that it’s not just the credit requirement which has to be fulfilled but also the education which would ensure the socio-economic development of the society. In all, those sectors which can impact large section of populations are to be a part of priority sector.But, how efficiently are banks able to achieve these set targets – is still questionable. PARTICIPATING ENTITIES: HOW MUCH IS ACHIEVED PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS Exhibit-1 shows the targets achieved by public sector bank. The public sector banks were ab le to meet the target of 40% till 2005-06 but in 2007 they fell short by 0. 7%. There were 28 banks in total, out of which- seven banks failed to achieve the target (Allahabad Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Syndicate Bank, IDBI Ltd. , State Bank of India, State Bank of Mysore and State Bank of Patiala).However, only 8 banks were able to meet target of agricultural lending and only 7 for weaker sections. PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS Exhibit-2 shows the targets achieved by private banks in lending to the priority sector. Out of 26 private sector banks, four banks (Bank of Rajasthan Ltd. , Centurian Bank of Punjab Ltd. , Jammu and Kashmir Bank Ltd. and Karnataka Bank Ltd. ) didn’t achieve the target as stipulated for the priority sector lending. However, only three banks were successful in meeting agricultural credit target and no bank met the target for weaker sections. FOREIGN BANKSExhibit-3 shows the targets achieved by foreign banks in lending to the priority sector. Out of 29 for eign banks working in India five banks (Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Citi Bank, HSBC Ltd. and Mizuho Corporate Bank) did not achieve the target. However, only Seven banks (Bank of Nova Scotia, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Citi Bank, HSBC Ltd. , JP Morgan Chase Bank, Mizuho Corporate Bank and Shinhan Bank) were not able to achieve SSI target and three banks (American Express Bank, Bank International Indonesia and Mizuho Corporate Bank) were not able to achieve the export credit target.The banks which failed to achieve the target have to pay the penalties decided by the RBI. PARTICIPATING ENTITIES: PENALTIES IN CASE OF FAILURE IN ACHIEVING THE TARGET DOMESTIC BANKS Domestic banks which fail to achieve the target have to contribute to Rural Infrastructure development Fund (RIDF) established with NABARD or funds with other financial institutions, as specified by RBI by giving them one month’s notice. The particulars of this fund are decided in the beginning o f financial year. Interest rate and period of deposit are also to be decided by RBI.FOREIGN BANKS Foreign banks which fail to achieve the target have to contribute to Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) or funds with other financial institutions, as specified by RBI . The particulars of this fund are decided in the beginning of financial year. Interest rate and period of deposit are also to be decided by RBI. Non-achievement of meeting the priority sector targets are considered while granting regulatory approvals for various purposes. PRIORITY SECTOR: ADVANTAGES 1.Financial Inclusion – It provided credit availability for small-marginal farmers, and to those sections which were previously deprived of taking any credit from the institutions. 2. Previously because of high default rate amongst the weaker sections,the institutions were reluctant to give credit to those people which forces the farmers or the weaker people to go to the money-lenders who charged them h igh rate of interests (varying between 10% to 50%). Mandatory lending to priority sector has eradicated this problem and ensured advances by the institutions. 3.Poverty Alleviation – If the timely credit is provided to small households, they can give more inputs to their produces which will result in better productivity. In effect agricultural GDP grows, which helps in upliftment of both the primary and secondary sector which are dependent on small scale industries and agriculture, directly or indirectly. It generates more employment, hence, resulting in poverty alleviation. 4. Social Inclusion – Poorer sections previously were deprived of participating in various community activities. The rise in their livelihood has given them a strong support to participate in various social activities.PRIORITY SECTOR: MAJOR ISSUES 1. High Non-performing assets – Since borrowers are not able to repay the loan on time, have created a fear in the banks and provoke them to make slow disbursement of loans. 2. Quantitative targets –Since, the stringent targets has been set by RBI, this has resulted in lowering the quality of delivering targets. 3. Government interference – Due to the regional Government intervention, the more influential people get the loan, and the poorer still get ignored. So, rich gets more richer. 4. Transaction cost – Handling disbursement of huge quantity of small loans requires more time and labor. 5.Low absorption of credits -This occurs due to lack of capital infrastructure in agriculture and other small scale industries. 6. Low Profitability -Low rate of interest charged from the borrowers makes this sector vulnerable. STRATEGIES AHEAD 1. Initiatives by Government a) Recovery of Non-Performing Assets †¢Establishing Debt-recovery tribunals – this will act as a mediator between the bank and borrower and will help bank in better recovery from the borrowers. †¢Internal audit before sanctioning of l oan should be done. b)Strengthen the cooperative bank network to increase credit advances to the farmers. c)Link crop-insurance with loan amount.This mitigates the risk for Lender and borrower. d)Promote group lending to people – group lending develops a collective responsibility amongst the borrowers which decreases the default rate. e)Government need to promote rigorous extension activities for promoting modern agricultural techniques for increasing production. f)Strict actions needs to be taken against the banks for not meeting the priority sector criteria. 2. Initiatives by Bank a)Banks should increase the term and delay the installments under term loan in case the borrowers are not able to repay in time. b)They should not charge compound interest on the loan amount.In a nutshell, Government need to strengthen backward and forward linkage both to provide inputs, increase productivity and develop markets. EXHIBITS Exhibit 1: Target achieved by Public Sector banks Exhibit 2 : Target achieved by Private Banks Exhibit 3: Target achieved by foreign banksREFERENCES †¢Priority Sector lending information (2010). Retrieved on August 4, 2010 from-http://www. rbi. org. in/scripts/FAQView. aspx? Id=8†¢Trends, issues and strategies (2010). Retrieved on Aug 5, 2010 from-http://www. academicjournals. org/jat/PDF/Pdf2009/December/Uppal. pdf†¢Planning Commission reports on labour and employment (2010). Retrieved on Aug 5, 2010 from-http://books. google. co. in/books? id=qOOmWsfqfe4C&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=priority+sector+lending+appraisal&source=bl&ots=HZTEbRCSVo&sig=QtcebyqWJ5xWqkZ_TMdmPzCp4-4&hl=en&ei=KbFaTLK7DISXrAe9u52-DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false†¢All India Debt and Investment Surveys (2002). Retrieved on August 6 ,2010 from- http://www. rbi. org. in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView. aspx? Id=298†¢Trend and Progress of Indian Banking 2008-09 (2009). Retrieved on August 6, 2010 from- http://www. rbi. o rg. in/scripts/AnnualPublications. aspx? head=Trend%20and%20Progress%20of%20Banking%20in%20India

Essay on Animal Usage is Needed to Benefit the Human Race

Animal Usage is Needed to Benefit the Human Race In todays world, one could split our country into two groups. One is those who are for animal rights in every aspect, and the other is those who are not. Those who are for animals rights are commonly labeled Vegans by people of the opposing viewpoint, and sometimes even by their own. These people may belong to certain organizations such as PETA, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, or ALF, the Animal Liberation Front. These people commonly believe that animals should have every right that a human has. Animal Rights Activists generally think that people dont have the right to eat, own, hunt, or use animals in any way, or for any reason. This would mean people who eat meat on†¦show more content†¦Those animals that we eat have the same diet as many vegetarians. 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Control Mechanisms in Management - 1269 Words

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